Adam Weishaupt, the founder of the Illuminati, was born out of wedlock to a jobless gypsy and never had the opportunity to meet his father.

The most mentally deficient people that live and have lived on the face of the earth are and were the members of the group called the "Illuminati."  These people have been on the planet since May 1, 1776, with their place of origin in the Bavarian region of Austria.  This group was led by a man named Adam Weishaupt.  Adam Weishaupt escaped from a Swiss sanitarium and suffered from chronic "feeble-mindedness", multiple personalities disorder, schizophrenia, and mild mental retardation due to complications at birth.  He was born out of wedlock to a jobless gypsy and never had the opportunity to meet his father.

Information about the Illuminati click here

Psychological Warfare and Counter-Espionage never took place inside the U.S.A. or had anything to do with the Western Hemisphere, and never previously had anything to do with the Continent of Europe.

Free MacBook Pro 17 inch i7 2014

and,never,previously,had,anything,to,do,with,the,Continent,of,Europe Information about the Illuminati click here

Why all Psychiatrists had at least one homosexual experience and How did the Illuminati and Zionists become all gay and all stupid and destroy the brains of the masses of the entire world in only 70 years?

Free MacBook Pro 17 Inch i7 (click here)

Free MacBook Pro 17 Inch i7 (click here) Information about the Illuminati click here

The hanis crimes against humanity

While some eugenicists privately supported practices such as euthanasia or even genocide, legally-mandated sterilization was the most radical policy supported by the American eugenics movement. A number of American physicians performed sterilizations even before the surgery was legally approved, though no reliable accounting of the practice exists prior to passage of sterilization laws. Indiana enacted the first law allowing sterilization on eugenic grounds in 1907, with Connecticut following soon after. Despite these early statutes, sterilization did not gain widespread popular approval until the late 1920s.

Advocacy in favor of sterilization was one of Harry Laughlin’s first major projects at the Eugenics Record Office. In 1914, he published a Model Eugenical Sterilization Law that proposed to authorize sterilization of the "socially inadequate" – people supported in institutions or "maintained wholly or in part by public expense. The law encompassed the "feebleminded, insane, criminalistic, epileptic, inebriate, diseased, blind, deaf; deformed; and dependent" – including "orphans, ne'er-do-wells, tramps, the homeless and paupers." By the time the Model Law was published in 1914, twelve states had enacted sterilization laws.

By 1924, approximately 3,000 people had been involuntarily sterilized in America; the vast majority (2,500) in California. That year Virginia passed a Eugenical Sterilization Act based on Laughlin’s Model Law. It was adopted as part of a cost-saving strategy to relieve the tax burden in a state where public facilities for the "insane" and "feebleminded" had experienced rapid growth. The law was also written to protect physicians who performed sterilizing operations from malpractice lawsuits. Virginia’s law asserted that "heredity plays an important part in the transmission of insanity, idiocy, imbecility, epilepsy and crime…" It focused on "defective persons" whose reproduction represented "a menace to society."

Carrie Buck, a seventeen-year-old girl from Charlottesville, Virginia, was picked as the first person to be sterilized. Carrie had a child, but was not married. Her mother Emma was already a resident at an asylum, the Virginia Colony for the Epileptic and the Feebleminded. Officials at the Virginia Colony said that Carrie and her mother shared the hereditary traits of "feeblemindedness" and sexually promiscuity. To those who believed that such traits were genetically transmitted, Carrie fit the law’s description as a "probable potential parent of socially inadequate offspring." A legal challenge was arranged on Carrie’s behalf to test the constitutional validity of the law.

At her trial, several witnesses offered evidence of Carrie’s inherited "defects" and those of her mother Emma. Colony Superintendent Dr. Albert Priddy testified that Emma Buck had "a record of immorality, prostitution, untruthfulness and syphilis." His opinion of the Buck family more generally was: "These people belong to the shiftless, ignorant, and worthless class of anti-social whites of the South." Although Harry Laughlin never met Carrie, he sent a written deposition echoing Priddy’s conclusions about Carrie’s "feeblemind-edness" and "moral delinquency."

Sociologist Arthur Estabrook, of the Eugenics Record Office, traveled to Virginia to testify against Carrie. He and a Red Cross nurse examined Carrie’s baby Vivian and concluded that she was "below average" and "not quite normal." Relying on these comments, the judge concluded that Carrie should be sterilized to prevent the birth of other "defective" children.

The decision was appealed to United States Supreme Court. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., himself a student of eugenics, wrote the formal opinion for the Court in the case of Buck v. Bell (1927). His opinion repeated the "facts" in Carrie’s case, concluding that a "deficient" mother, daughter, and granddaughter justified the need for sterilization. The decision includes the now infamous words: It is better for all the world, if instead of waiting to execute degenerate offspring for crime or to let them starve for their imbecility, society can prevent those who are manifestly unfit from continuing their kind…Three generations of imbeciles are enough.

Recent scholarship has shown that Carrie Buck’s sterilization was based on a false "diagnosis" and her defense lawyer conspired with the lawyer for the Virginia Colony to guarantee that the sterilization law would be upheld in court. Carrie’s illegitimate child was not the result of promiscuity; she had been raped by a relative of her foster parents. School records also prove that Vivian was not "feebleminded." Her 1st grade report card showed that Vivian was a solid "B" student, received an "A" in deportment, and had been on the honor roll.

Nevertheless, Buck v. Bell supplied a precedent for the eventual sterilization of approximately 8,300 Virginians. Borrowing from Laughlin’s Model Law, the German Nazi government adopted a law in 1933 that provided the legal basis for sterilizing more than 350,000 people. Laughlin proudly published a translation of the German Law for the Prevention of Defective Progeny in The Eugenical News. In 1936, Laughlin was awarded an honorary degree from the University of Heidelberg as a tribute for his work in "the science of racial cleansing."

The second Supreme Court case generated by the eugenics movement tested a 1935 Oklahoma law that prescribed involuntary sexual sterilization for repeat criminals. Jack Skinner was chosen to test the law’s constitutionality. He was a three-time felon, guilty of stealing chickens at age nineteen, and convicted twice in later years for armed robbery. By the time his case was struck down by the U.S. Supreme Court, in 1942 some 13 states had laws specifically permitting sterilization of criminals.

The opinion striking down the sterilization law in the case of Skinner v. Oklahoma (1942) was written by Justice William O. Douglas. He highlighted the inequity of Oklahoma's law by noting that a three-time chicken thief could be sterilized while a three-time embezzler could not. Said Douglas: "We have not the slightest basis for inferring that … the inheritability of criminal traits follows the neat legal distinctions which the law has marked between those two offenses."

Despite the Skinner case, sterilization of people in institutions for the mentally ill and mentally retarded continued through the mid-1970's. At one time or another, 33 states had statutes under which more than 60,000 Americans endured involuntary sterilization. The Buck v. Bell precedent allowing sterilization of the so-called "feebleminded" has never been overruled.

The pathetic devil worshiping Eugenicists attempting to exterminate and rid the world of the mentally ill

When in 2002, United Jewish Communities and the Jewish federation system released just some of the doomsday findings of the National Jewish Population Survey 2000-01, the Survey’s results had to be radically reworked to make them more palatable. The Survey had failed to confirm 1960s optimistic hypotheses about supposedly ‘converging’ Jewish fertility patterns which would wipe out or at least diminish the negative correlation between educational level and the birth rate. According to the study, the total average number of children born to Jewish-American women aged 40-44 was 1.86, although a total fertility rate (TFR) of at least 2.1 constitutes the threshold of sustainability in a modern society. But that is not all. If one calculates in the number of children not raised as Jewish, an estimate of only 1.36 remains. This means that every generation the Jewish community effectively loses a third of its population - a new Holocaust every quarter century. But this time the event is not only voluntary, it is even celebrated by Jewish liberals themselves as a triumph of ‘multiculturalism.’ Other findings included an ageing Jewish population marrying at later ages with fertility rates below replacement levels. Only after the definition of who is Jewish was broadened so that the intermarriage rate, estimated at 52% in the 1990 NJPS, was lowered to 43%, was the report approved for publication. Despite the manipulation and censorship surrounding the Survey’s findings and even its release, its authors optimistically, and perhaps naively, expressed hope that its themes would “serve as the basis of important policy discussions in the American Jewish community.” Intermarriage also has relevance for the qualitative aspects of Jewish demography. DellaPergola has pointed out that “historically out-marriage was strongly related to upward social mobility, and was more frequent among the better educated, wealthier, and more socially mobile.” The obvious conclusion is that the mean Jewish IQ is being lowered by these losses.

The evils works of eugenics science taken out and forced on the innocent and defenseless. Shame on you people for what you have done and still continue to do to the masses

Negative eugenics, which is aimed at lowering fertility among the genetically disadvantaged, largely fits under the rubric of family planning and genetic counseling. This includes contraception, abortions, and sterilization. To ensure that such services are available to all on a nondiscriminatory basis, it is advocated that, at a minimum, persons with low income receive such services, free of charge.
     Genetic engineering, which was unknown to early eugenicists, consists of active intervention in the germ line without necessarily encouraging or discouraging reproduction of advantaged or disadvantaged individuals. It will allow people to have their own biological children without passing on their most problematic genes.
     National family policy provides a good illustration of how a eugenics policy might be implemented. A government can opt either to offer subsidized day care to all women, permitting those wishing to work the opportunity to pursue their careers (according to eugenicists, a praiseworthy approach), or it can subsidize only poor women, many of whom are thus encouraged to view childbearing as a source of income (according to eugenicists, a dysgenic approach).
     Another example is presented by the starkly different positions of the U.S. and Canadian governments on immigration. The United States imports the underclass of other countries to ‘do jobs Americans don’t want to do,’ while Canada, whose immigrants are easily just as ethnically diverse as are America’s, rates immigration applicants accord- ing to educational levels and skills, which correlate highly with intelligence.
     Simultaneous with and analogous to China’s Cultural Revolution in the 1960s, an ideological upheaval arrived in America as a denial of Darwinism, declaring eugenics to be the ideology of Holocaust. As the timeline demonstrates, for Jews, who had practiced eugenics for millennia, it was a repudiation of their own history.
     The squandering of a group’s genetic patrimony is not by any means an exclusively Jewish affliction. Humankind’s elites are generally disappearing. Economists study human fertility in terms of cost-benefit analysis. Children are no longer the economic advantage they once were when the economy centered around agriculture.
     As opposed to its two universalist heresies – Christianity and Islam – traditional Judaism is an explicitly tribalist religion, but as Jews left the ghetto and were subsumed by modern secular culture, they attempted to reconcile tribalism with universalism, creating an internal tension which still rives Jewry today.     The resolution of this tension was found in America in the 1960s and 1970s in the form of ‘multiculturalism.’

The dirty works that took place during the Victorian Era

Why did Europeans decide to create a fascist society among many nations of Europe just after slavery had finally ended during the last quarter of the nineteenth century? Was fascism somehow an extension of the arm of the white man's control of other nations that do not or did not have the ability to defend themselves against invasions by European nations' armies, navies, and governments with the end goals for economic control and international dominance of them, while forcing them into labor camps to mine gold, silver, zinc, lead, iron, oil, plant and harvest sugar cane farms (Africa), cotton farms, wheat farms, barley farms (13 colonies of North America), fishery ports in the "Newfoundland" (Canada), exotic firs, and animal skins (Australia), minerals used for tin, rubber, and plastic materials (in Africa during the mid to late years of the Victorian Era through the early twentieth century, until 1921, when Iran warned Britain to stay out of North Africa for the last time)?

Was Europe really that cocky?

Why is it that the leaders and law makers of the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and other European nations insisted on the keeping the same establishment from before that separated people based on race, creed of religion, behavioral characteristics, I.Q., class, and gender (just before and just after the turn of the nineteenth century). The colonials and the African of Orange defeated the last of the British soldiers during the Jameson Raids (very near modern day Johannesburg, South Africa) in 1889. Did the British Empire not catch on quick enough and realize the obvious fact that the College of Manchester had another agenda for Great Britain, or did the speakers of Parliament and the House of Commons only get a clue after their murderous, and shady little empire was completely lost in 1921, when Britain was told to leave the entire continent of Africa for the last and final time?

An examination was made of what had been attempted. It had been assumed that Man survived only for himself as an individual; it had been computed that he survived only for the group, the pack, for society; it had been postulated that he survived only for Mankind

L. Ron Hubbard - The Retard; Section 1

First, last and always, the job is to get basic-basic and then ever afterwards the currently existing earliest moment of pain or sorrow, and to erase every incident as it is advanced by the file clerk or found by repeater technique. (5) Any incident that hangs fire always has a similar incident earlier, and the patient should be taken earlier for the prior incident when an engram will not “reduce” on recounting. (6) At any time the engrams start to become emotionless in tone, even though they reduce, suspect another ally computation and, early or late in the patient’s life, get it and reduce it at least until the emotional discharge is gone. Do not get everything in a case restimulated by changing from an unreduced incident to something which looks more fruitful, but reduce everything in view before you go looking for a new sorrow charge. (7) It is better to reduce an emotionless early engram than it is to upset the case by hounding him for an ally computation when a cunning search fails to reveal none in sight. Erasing early emotionless engrams will eventually bring a new ally computation into sight if you occasionally look for it. (8) Consider that any hold-up on a case, any unwillingness to cooperate, stems from ally computation. (9) Treat all demon circuits as things held in place by life force units absorbed into the bank and address the problem of demon circuits by releasing charges of sorrow. (10) Consider that loss by death or departure of an ally is identical with a death of some part of the patient and that the reduction of a death or departure of an ally will restore that much life back to the patient. And remember that great sorrow charges are not always death or departure but merely may be a sudden reversal of stand by the ally. Always keep in mind that that person who most nearly identifies himself with the person of the patient, such as a sympathetic mother or father or grandparent or relative or friend, is considered by the reactive mind to be a part of the person himself and that anything happening to this sympathetic character can be considered to have happened to the patient. In such a case, where an ally has been found to have died of cancer, you may occasionally find the patient to have a sore or scaly place where he supposed the ally’s cancer to have been. The reactive mind thinks in identities only. The sympathetic pro-survival engram identifies the patient with another individual. The death or loss (by departure or denial) of the other individual is therefore a reactive mind conviction that the patient has suffered some portion of death.

Emotional charges may be contained in any engram: the emotion communicates, in the same tone level, from the personnel around the “unconscious” person into his reactive mind. Anger goes into an engram as anger, apathy as apathy, shame as shame. Whatever people have felt emotionally around an “unconscious” person should be found in the engram which resulted from the incident. When the emotional tone of personnel in an engram is obviously angry or apathetic from the word content and yet the patient, recounting, does not feel it, there is something somewhere which has a valence wall between the patient and the emotional tone, and that valence wall is nearly always broken down by the discovery of an engram with a sorrow charge sometime earlier or later in a patient’s life. The only legitimate reason for entering later portions of a person’s life before the prenatal area has been well exhausted is search for sorrow discharges occasioned by the death, loss or denial by an ally. And by “denial,” we mean that the ally turned into an active enemy (real or imaginary) of the patient. The counterpart of the ally, the pseudo-ally, is a person whom the reactive mind has confused with the real ally. The death, loss or denial by a pseudoally can contain a sorrow charge.

According to theory, the only thing which can lock up life units is this emotion of loss. If some method existed of doing nothing but freeing all life units, the physical pain could be neglected.

A release is brought about, one way or another, by freeing as many life units as possible from periods of loss with minimal address to actual engrams. The loss of an ally or pseudo-ally need contain no other physical pain or “unconsciousness” than the loss itself occasions. This is serious enough. It makes an engram.

Any person who is suddenly discovered to be occluded in a patient’s life can, with some reliability, be considered an ally or pseudo-ally. If, either while remembering or returning, large sections of a patient’s association with another person are missing, that person can be called an occluded person. It is a better guarantee of ally status if the occlusion surrounds the death of the person or a departure from or a denial by that person. It is possible for occlusion to take place, also, for punishment reasons; which is to say, the occluded person may also be an arch enemy: in such a case, however, any memory present will concern the death or defeat or illness of the occluded person. Occlusion of a person’s funeral in the memory of a patient would theoretically label that person an ally or pseudo-ally. Recollection of the funeral of a person but occlusion of pleasant association might tend to mean that the person was an enemy. Such rules are tentative. But it is certain that any occlusion means that a person had a vast and unrevealed significance in a patient’s life which should be explained.

It may be remarked at this point that the recovery of the patient will depend in large measure on the life units freed from his reactive bank. This is a discharge of sorrow and may be quite violent. The usual practice is to “forget” such things and the “sooner forgotten, the sooner healed.” Unfortunately this does not work: it would be a happy thing if it did. Anything forgotten is a festering sore when it has despair connected with it. The auditor will find that every time he locates that arch denyer, “forget it,” he will get the engram it suppressed; when he can’t locate the engram and yet has found a somatic, a “forget it” or “don’t think about it” or “can’t remember it” or “don’t remember it” or some other denyer will be sitting there in the context of the engram. Forgetting is such unhealthy business that when a thing has been “put out of mind,” it has been put straight into the reactive engram bank and in there it can absorb life units.

This “loopy” computation, that forgetting things makes them bearable, is incredible in view of the fact that the hypnotist, for instance, gets results with a positive suggestion when he puts one of these denyers on the end of it. That has been known now for a great many eons: it was one of the first things the author was taught when he studied Asiatic practices; from India it long ago filtered to Greece and Rome and it has come to us via Anton Mesmer: it is a fundamental principle in several mystic arts: its mechanics were known even to the Sioux medicine man. Yet people at large, hitherto unguided about it, and perhaps because they lacked any real remedy, believed that the thing to do with sorrow was to “forget it.” Even Hippocrates remarks that the whole of an operation is not finished until the patient has recounted the incident to all of his friends in turn, and while this is inadequate therapy, it has been, like the Confessional, a part of popular knowledge for lo, these many ages: yet people persist in suppressing sorrow.

L. Ron Hubbard - The Retard; Section 2

When one deals with facts rather than theories and gazes for the first time upon the mechanisms of human action several things confound him, much as the flutterings of the heart did Harvey or the actions of yeasts did Pasteur. The blood did not circulate because Harvey said it could nor yet because he said it did. It circulated and had been circulating for eons; Harvey was clever and observant enough to find it; and this was much the case with Pasteur and other explorers of the hitherto unknown or unconfirmed. In dianetics the fact that the analytical mind was inherently perfect and remained structurally capable of restoration to full operation was not the least of the data found. That man was good, as established by exacting research, was no great surprise, but that an unaberrated individual was vigorously repelled by evil and yet gained enormous strength was astonishing since aberration had been so long incorrectly supposed to be the root of strength and ambition according to authorities since the time of Plato. That a man contained a mechanism which recorded with diabolical accuracy when the man was observably and by all presumable tests “unconscious” was newsworthy and surprising. To the layman the relationship of prenatal life to mental function has not entirely been disregarded since for centuries beyond count people were concerned with “prenatal influence.” To the psychiatrist, the psychologist and psycho-analyst, prenatal memory had long been an accepted fact since “memories of the womb” were agreed to influence the adult mind. But the prenatal aspect of the mind came as an entire surprise to dianetics, an unwanted and at the time unwelcome observation. Despite existing beliefs -- which are not scientific facts -- that the foetus had memory, the psychiatrist and other workers believed as well that memory could not exist in a human being until myelin sheathing was formed around the nerves. This was as confusing to dianetics as it was to psychiatry. After much work over some years the exact influence prenatal life had on the later mind was established by dianetics with accuracy. There will be those who, uninformed, will say that dianetics “accepts and believes in” prenatal memory. Completely aside from the fact that an exact science does not “believe” but establishes and proves facts, dianetics emphatically does nor believe in “prenatal memory.” Dianetics had to invade cytology and biology and form many conclusions by research; it had to locate and establish both the reactive mind and the hidden engram banks never before known before it came upon “prenatal” problems. It had been discovered that the engram recording was probably done on the cellular level, that the engram bank was contained in the cells. It was then discovered that the cells, reproducing from one generation to the next, within the organism, apparently carried with them their own memory banks. The cells are the first echelon of structure, the basic building blocks. They built the analytical mind. They operate, as the whip, the reactive mind. Where one has human cells, one has potential engrams. Human cells begin with the zygote, proceed in development with the embryo, become the foetus and finally the infant.

Each stage of this growth is capable of reaction. Each stage in the growth of the colony of cells finds them fully cells, capable of recording engrams. In dianetics “prenatal memory” is not considered since the standard banks which will someday serve the completed analyzer in the infant, child and man are not themselves complete. There is neither “memory” or “experience” before the nerves are sheathed as far as dianetic therapy is concerned. But dianetic therapy is concerned with engrams, not memories, with recordings, not experience, and wherever there are human cells, engrams are demonstrably possible and, when physical pain was present, engrams can be demonstrated to have been created. The engram is a recording like the ripples in the groove of a phonograph record: it is a complete recording of everything which occurred during the period of pain. Dianetics can locate, with its techniques, any engram which the cells have hidden, and in therapy the patient will often discover himself to be upon the prenatal cellular time track. There he will locate engrams and he goes there only because engrams exist there. Birth is an engram and is recovered by dianetics as a recording, not as a memory. By return and the cellular extension of the time track, zygote pain storage can be and is recovered. It is not memory. It impinged upon the analytical mind and it obstructed the standard banks where memory is stored. This is a very great difference from prenatal memory. Dianetics recovers prenatal engrams and finds them responsible for much aberration and discovers that any longing for the womb is not present in any patient but that engrams sometimes dictate a return to it, as in some regressive psychoses which then attempt to remake the body into a foetus.

This matter of prenatal life is discussed here at length in this synopsis to give the reader a perspective on the subject. We are dealing here with an exact science, precision axioms and new skills of application. By them we gain a command over aberration and psycho-somatic ills and with them we take an evolutionary step in the development of Man which places him yet another stage above his distant cousins of the animal kingdom.

L. Ron Hubbard - The Retard; Section 3

Whole populaces are handled by their push-button responses. Advertising learns about push-buttons and uses them in such things as “body-odor” or constipation. And in the entertainment field and the song-writing field push-buttons are pushed in whole racks and batteries to produce aberrated responses. Pornography appeals to people who have pornographic push-buttons. Corn-and-games government appeals to people who have “care for me” push-buttons and others. It might be said that there is no necessity to appeal to reason when there are so many push-buttons around.

These same push-buttons, because they are 7’s held down by pain and emotion (false data forced into the computer by engrams -- and every society has its own special patterns of engrams), also happen to drive people insane, make them ill and generally raise havoc. The only push-button the clear has is whatever his own computer, evaluating on his experience which itself has been evaluated by the computer, tells him is survival conduct along his four dynamics. And so, being no marionette in the hands of careless or designing people, he remains well and sane.

It is not true, however, that a clear is not emotional, that his reason is cold, and that he is a self-conscious puppet to his own computations. His computer works so rapidly and on so many levels with so many of his computations going on simultaneously but out of the sight of “I” (though “I” can examine any one of them he chooses) that his inversion or acute awareness of self is minimal. Inversion is the condition of the aberree whose poor computer is wrestling with heavy imponderables and held down 7’s in his engrams such as “I must do it. I just have to do it. But no, I’d better change my mind.”

The computational difference between the clear and the aberree is very wide. But there is a much grander difference: life force. The dynamics have, evidently, so much potential force. This force manifests itself as tenacity to life, persistence in endeavor, vigor of thought and act and ability to experience pleasure. The dynamics in a man’s cells may be no stronger than those in a cat’s cells. But the dynamics in the whole man are easily greater than those in any other animal. Assign this as one will, the man is basically more alive in that he has a more volatile response. By more alive is meant that his sentient-emotional urge to live is greater than those found in other life forms. If this were not true, he would not now command the other kingdoms. Regardless of what a shark or a beaver does when threatened with final extinction, the shark and the beaver get short shrift when they encounter the dynamics of Man: the shark gets worn as leather or eaten as vitamins and the beaver decks a lady’s back.

The fundamental aspect of this is seen in a single reaction. Animals are content to survive in their environments and seek to adjust themselves to those environments. That very dangerous animal -- or god -- Man has a slightly different idea. Ancient schools were fond of telling the poor demented aberree that he must face reality. This was optimum conduct: facing reality. Only it isn’t Man’s optimum conduct. Just as these schools made the fundamental error of supposing that the aberree was unwilling to face his environment when he was actually, because of engrams, unable to face it, they supposed that the mere facing of reality would lead to sanity. Perhaps it does, but it does not lead to a victory of Man over the elements and other forms. Man has something more: some people call it creative imagination, some call it this or some call it that: but whatever it is called, it adds up to the interesting fact that Man is not content merely to “face reality” as most other life forms are. Man makes reality face him. Propaganda about “the necessity of facing reality,” like propaganda to the effect that a man could be driven mad by a “childhood delusion” (whatever that is) does not face the reality that where the beaver down his ages of evolution built mud dams and keeps on building mud dams.

Man graduates in half a century from a stone and wood dam to make a mill wheel pond to structures like Grand Coulee Dam, and changes the whole and entire aspect of a respectable portion of Nature’s real estate from a desert to productive soil, from a flow of water to lightning bolts. It may not be as poetic as Rousseau desired, it may not be as pretty as some “nature lover” would desire, but it’s a new reality. Two thousand years ago the Chinese built a wall which would have been visible from the Moon had anybody been up there to look; three thousand years ago he had North Africa green and fertile; ten thousand years ago he was engaged upon some other project; but always he has been shaping things up pretty well to suit Man.

• List item one
• List item two
• List item three

L. Ron Hubbard - The Retard; Section 4

There is therefore a necessity for pleasure, for working, as happiness can be defined, toward known goals over not unknowable obstacles. And the necessity for pleasure is such that a great deal of pain can be borne to attain it. Pleasure is the positive commodity. It is enjoyment of work, contemplation of deeds well done; it is a good book or a good friend; it is taking all the skin off one’s knees climbing the Matterhorn; it is hearing the kid first say daddy; it is a brawl on the Bund at Shanghai or the whistle of amour from a doorway; it’s adventure and hope and enthusiasm and “someday I’ll learn to paint”; it’s eating a good meal or kissing a pretty girl or playing a stiff game of bluff on the stock exchange. It’s what Man does that he enjoys doing; it’s what Man does that he enjoys contemplating; it’s what Man does that he enjoys remembering; and it may be just the talk of things he knows he’ll never do. Man will endure a lot of pain to obtain a little pleasure. Out in the laboratory of the world, it takes very little time to confirm that.

And how does necessity fit this picture? There is a necessity for pleasure, a necessity as live and quivering and vital as the human heart itself. He who said that a man who had two loaves of bread should sell one to buy white hyacinth, spoke sooth. The creative, the constructive, the beautiful, the harmonious, the adventurous, yes, and even escape from the maw of oblivion, these things are pleasure and these things are necessity. There was a man once who had walked a thousand miles just to see an orange tree and another who was a mass of scars and poor-set bones who was eager just to get a chance to “fan another bronc.” It is very well to dwell in some Olympian height and write a book of penalties and very well to read to find what writers said that other writers said, but it is not very practical. The pain-drive theory does not work. If some of these basics of dianetics were only poetry about the idyllic state of Man, they might be justified in that, but it happens that out in the laboratory of the world, they work. Man, in affinity with Man, survives, and that survival is pleasure. In the original equations of dianetics, when the research was young, it was believed that survival could be envisioned in personal terms alone and still answer all conditions. A theory is only as good as it works. And it works as well as it explains observed data and predicts flew material which will be found, in fact, to exist. Survival in personal terms was computed until the whole activity of Man could be theoretically explained in terms of self alone. The logic looked fairly valid. But then it was applied to the world. Something was wrong: it did not solve problems. In fact, the theory of survival in personal terms alone was so unworkable that it left a majority of behavior phenomena unexplained. But it could be computed and it still looked good. Then it was that a nearly intuitive idea occurred. Man’s understanding developed in ratio to his recognition of his brotherhood with the Universe. That was high flown but it yielded results.

Was Man himself a brotherhood of Man? He had evolved and become strong as a gregarious being, an animal that hunted in packs. It seemed possible that all his activities could be computed in terms of the survival of the group. That computation was made. It looked good. Man survived, it was postulated, solely in terms of the survival of his group. It looked good but it left a majority of observed phenomena unexplained. It was attempted, then, to explain Man’s behavior in terms of Mankind alone; which is to say, it was assumed that Mankind survived for Mankind in a highly altruistic way. This was straight down the sylvan path of Jean Jacques Rousseau. It could be computed that Man lived alone for the survival of all Mankind. But when addressed to the laboratory -- the world -- it did not work.

Finally, it was recalled that some had thought that Man’s entire activity and all his behavior could be explained by assuming that he lived for sex alone. This was not an original assumption. But some original computations were made upon it and it is true that, by a few quick twists of the equation, his survival activity can be made to resolve on only the sexual basis. But when this was applied to observed data, again it failed to explain every phenomenon.

An examination was made of what had been attempted. It had been assumed that Man survived only for himself as an individual; it had been computed that he survived only for the group, the pack, for society; it had been postulated that he survived only for Mankind; and finally, it had been theorized that he lived only for sex. None worked alone. A new computation was made on the survival dynamic. Exactly for what was man surviving? All four of these factors, self, sex, group and Mankind were entered into a new equation. And now it was found, a theory was in hand which worked. It explained all observed phenomena and it predicted new phenomena which were discovered to exist. It was a scientific equation, therefore!

From the survival dynamic, in this fashion, were evolved the four dynamics. By survival dynamic was meant the basic command, SURVIVE! which underlay all activity. By dynamic was meant one of the four purpose divisions of the entire dynamic principle. The four dynamics were not new forces; they were sub-divisions of the primary force. DYNAMIC ONE is the urge toward ultimate survival on the part of the individual and for himself. It includes his immediate symbiotes*, the extension of culture for his own benefit, and name immortality.

By,the,early,the,Human,Betterment,League,had,shifted,its,focus,to,promoting,education,on,birth,control,and,genetic,counseling

Eugenics is a term coined by Francis Galton in 1883, meaning well born, to apply to the study and practice of breeding better plants and animals useful to man, and likewise of safeguarding and improving the human heritage.  With the passage of time, the meaning of “eugenics” has come to be restricted to the latter sense.  It was defined by Kellicott as “the social Direction of human evolution.”

     The social direction of human evolution is no new idea.  Man peoples have practiced infanticide in order to red their society of abnormal or defective individuals and to prevent their increase.  The ancient Spartans not only did this, but also, in order to maintain their ascendancy over the helots, practiced most of the eugenic measures applied in recent times.  For the dominant class, emigration was limited and marriage with those of their own order was encouraged.  Celibates bore the weight of special taxes, whereas the production of offspring was rewarded by the state.  A severe regimen was maintained to promote fitness and to eliminate the weak or deformed.  Also, periodically, the helots were massacred in large numbers, so as always to keep that supposedly inferior element of the population down.

     Plato’s proposals for a eugenic society are famous  He held that neither defective children nor those produced by inferior parents ought to be reared.  Chronic invalids and victims of self-indulgence should be denied medical aid, and the morally degenerate executed.  On the positive side, the improvement of the race could be promoted by temporary unions of the best men and women for the specific purpose of creating superior offspring.

     These examples are enough to show that nature of the main questions that arise in attempting ‘the social direction of human evolution,’ the questions: what? how? and whither?  What is the nature of heredity, the material the eugenist would alter?  How readily and by what agents may it be altered?  Toward what goals should eugenics be directed?  These will be taken up in turn.

     We know that to start with, each individual is a fertilized egg cell that must develop the characteristics common to all members of its species, race, and family, besides those traits peculiar to itself.  The fertilized egg, then, possesses potentialities and capacities for developing in a certain way, but it can do so only within the limitations of its environment.  We therefore need to understand first, the mechanism of heredity (i.e., how the fertilized egg comes to posses its potentialities); and second, the relative power of heredity and environment in molding a person’s traits.

     As to the first, the science of genetics informs us that heredity is primarily determined by genes.  These hereditary units are present in equal number in each of the reproductive cells (ovum and sperm) that unite in fertilization.  Heredity is therefore biparental.  Essentially, for each gene inherited from one’s mother, a corresponding gene is inherited from one’s father.  Corresponding genes are no always identical, for by rare but permanent changes know as mutations existing genes give rise to dew kinds.  Should the two genes forming a pair happened to be different (a condition called “heterozygous”), then one gene, known as the dominant, may determined the specific trait concerned; the other gene, known as the recessive, is then masked, although it will still be transmitted to succeeding generations without ant alteration.  Thus a person who has a pair of genes (Bb), one for brown eye-color (B) and the other for blue (d), will have brown eyes, and the presence of the gene for blue eye-color may be quite unsuspected.  One can have blue eyes only by inheriting two genes for blue eye-color, one from each parent. (Such a person, with both genes in the pair alike, is said to be “homozygous.”) Dominance is not always the rule, and in some cases one can see the effects of both genes comprising a pair.  For example, a pair of genes, one of which produces blood type A and the other blood type B, each person’s genes are probably recessive, and most of these will be heterozygous and as a consequence unobservable.  The significance of this for eugenics is unmistakable:  a considerable proportion of the genes in any person, and therefore in the entire population, are hidden, and to that extent the measures of eugenics must be applied blindly.

     Many characteristics are determined of affected by more than one pair of genes--intelligence, for example.  In such a case it is a particular combination of dominant genes (belonging to different pairs), perhaps together with some homozygous recessive genes, that determines the nature of the character.  These combinations, however, are very rarely inherited in toto, the reason being that a person does not inherit all the genes of his parents, but only half of those of each parent--specifically, one gene from each pair of the parent’s genes.  Pure chance determines which of the two genes of a pair will be chosen.  Genes located on different pairs of chromosomes are assorted at random, and even those on the same pair of chromosomes can enter into recombinations to a certain extent.  The more genes there are, then, in the combination will be transmitted to the next generation intact.  Nearly all combinations are broken up as the germ cells become mature, and then new combinations of biparental origin are formed when egg and sperm cell unite.  The importance to eugenics of this reassortment and recombination of genes in heredity can hardly be overemphasized, inasmuch as most of the human genes, the combinations of which cannot be preserved, whether good or bad.  Moreover, a particular gene which in most combinations has an adverse effect may, in just the right combinations, produce a desirable effect; and conversely, a particular gene that in most combinations has a favorable effect may get into a bad combination.  We can scarcely estimate the absolute, over-all effect of a gene; we must judge it by the company it keeps.

     Galton was the first person to try to assess the relative powers of heredity and environment in determining a person’s characteristics.  His investigations of the familial occurrence of genius and of special talents convinced him that “the  power of nature was far stronger than the power of nurture, when the nurtures of the persons being compared were not exceedingly different . . . [i.e.,] when the differences of nurture do not exceed what is commonly to be found among persons of the same rank of society and in the same country.”  Later studies have largely confirmed this judgment.  In particular, studies of monozygotic, or so-called “identical,” twins, who develop from a single fertilized ovum and who therefore share an identical heredity, indicate that even when the twins are separated from early infancy, they remain astonishingly similar.  This similarity is greatest in physical traits, such as eye color, hair color, blood types, baldness, or the possession of other distinctive features, all of which remain virtually identical in the co-twins.  There is a a somewhat greater resemblance in height than in weight, yet in both these respects the correlation is nearly complete.  There is remarkable similarity in length of life.  Insusceptibility to diseases, such as cancer or appendicitis, and especially in the tendency to develop the same defects of metabolism, such as diabetes or allergy, the twins also are markedly alike.  Adult one-egg twins, few of whom were living together at the time, have been found to agree in the occurrence of tuberculosis in 87 per cent of the pairs of twins.  But ordinary dizygotic twins, who come form two different eggs fertilized separately, and who therefore stand midway between monozygotic twins and unrelated persons in the proportion of genes they share, showed a concordance of only 26 per cent; and husbands and wives, as examples of unrelated persons living together and sharing the same environment, showed a concordance of only 7 per cent.  The correlation of I.!. (intelligence quotient) for one-egg twins reared apart is no higher than that of two-egg twins of the same sex reared together.  This means that a similar environment has about the same effect in making the I.Q.’s alike as does the genetic difference between the two-eggs twins and the identical twins.  Among twenty pairs of one-egg twins reared apart, ten pairs did not differ significantly; six pairs differed by 7 to 12 I.Q. points, and four pairs by 15 to 24 pants.  The biggest difference here is about equal to a full grade in the distribution:  idiot--insanity--moron--low--average--superior--very superior--genius.  That difference occurred in a pairs of twins who differed by more that thirteen years of education; and no big difference was found between twins reared apart except where the difference in years of schooling or in the cultural level of the homes was very marked.  A big difference of educational and cultural environment does not, however, guarantee a corresponding difference between the I.Q.’s of the twins.  In one pair the difference in schooling amounted to ten years, plus four years of musical training--but the difference in I.Q. was only 12 points.  One may conclude that certain hereditary types are much more amenable that others to modification of the intelligence by the environment.

     With respect to the commoner mental diseases there is somewhat more variability between one-egg twins.  For schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and epilepsy the concordance of one-egg twins is about 68 per cent in each case; whereas for two-egg twins it is about 15 per cent.  A consideration of epilepsy is particularly instructive, because it has been found that one-egg twins it is about 15 per cent.  A consideration of epilepsy is particularly instructive, because it has been found that one-egg twins, one of whom is epileptic, are always alike in possessing the same sort of abnormal electrical brain waves.  Inheritance of the abnormal brain waves is dominant and depends upon a single gene; but the epileptic seizers, although restricted to persons with such brain waves, must depend upon unknown environmental factors as well.  This is an example of a gene with one of the most important factors in determining the effectiveness of eugenic measures, for in certain individuals it the presence of the gene.

     Even in regard to social traits and personality, the one-egg twins show a far greater degree of similarity that two-egg twins of the same sex.  Five studies of criminality in twins have been made, with consistent results.  Ina total of 104 pairs of one-egg twins and 113 pairs of two-egg twins, the concordance for the former amounted to 67 per cent, for the latter to 33 per cent.  Such data do not mean, of course, that criminality, insanity, intelligence, or the like, are inherited as such, in a fixed, unalterable way.  There is ample warrant, in all these studies, for concluding that past experience and present environment can suppress, diminish, or enhance the expression of such characteristics.  But the investigations made on twins do show that similar hereditary natures generally provided the individuals are not subjected to radical differences in their environments.  This was Galton’s original conclusion.  However, it is clearly necessary to define the term “radical.”

     A pair of blond one-egg twins may be temporarily separated, one kept indoors, the other sent for a vacation at the beach.  In a few weeks one is sunburned and very much darker than his twin.  This does not mean that environment determines complexion and that heredity has nothing to do with it.  It means that for blond persons the amount of sunlight can constitute a “radical” difference in environment.  Tet not all characteristics are affected by this “radical” difference of environment--only the complexion and such other traits as might be modified by light, for example, those that would be affected be a temporary change int he amount of vitamin D produced by the body.  Only by careful experimentation can it be determined whether a specific difference in environment can affect a characteristic or not, and it must be determined separately for each characteristic.  The effects of the environment a re inextricably interwoven in a person’s characteristics with that effects for the genes.

     The primary concern of eugenics is with the frequency in the population of certain characteristics and of the specific genes that help to determine them.  The study of evolutionary processes has made it clear that gene frequencies are changed by four principal factors: (1) mutation; (2) selection, natural or artificial; (3) chance; and (4) isolation or, conversely, migration.  Other factors, such as the size of the population and the character of breeding, whether random or assortative, do not affect gene frequencies directly but have an important indirect influence by modifying the four chief factors.  It has been calculated, for example, that in a population breeding quite at random with respect to the characteristics under consideration, the gene frequencies will remain in equilibrium, unchanged from generation to generation which is the Hardy [Weinberg principle.  In other words. the hereditary nature of the species, the make-up of the population, will change only if some factor upses the equilibrium and favors one gene over another.

     By mutation new sorts of genes come into existence, and without this there could be no long-continued process of evolutionary change, whether eugenic or otherwise.  Mutations of a specific gene normally occur only very rarely.  The mutation rates for several human genes have been estimated, and their average is about one in 50,000 per generation; that is, to take a specific example, in a population of 50,000 persons on person has a gene for hemophilia which was not inherited from either parent, but instead arose by mutation from a corresponding gene for normal blood clotting.  It follows that, unless one could somehow prevent mutation, no measures can be successful in eradication a gene from the population.  At nest, its frequency can be reduced to the levels of its rate mutation at a gene frequency of 1 in 50,000.

     The frequency of mutation can be tremendously increased by X rays or other ionizing radiations that penetrate to the genes  int he reproductive cells, by ultraviolet radiation, by heat, and by certain chemicals, such as mustard gas.  It is therefore possible at the present time to produce vastly greater stores of new hereditary material upon which selection may be exercised, and this method may indeed help mankind to produce new forms of plants and animals more rapidly.  For eugenics, this tool is too potent, since the vast majority of all mutations produce harmful consequences, and hardly one in 500 or 1,000 improves its possessor’s characteristics until in the course of generations they become homozygous, nevertheless we must avoid filling the human germ-plasm with an overload of harmful genes.  Several lines of evidence make it likely that nearly everyone even now possesses at least one recessive lethal gene, that is, gene so harmful that were it homozygous it would destroy the life of its possessor at some stage during development.  Other detrimental genes are probably at least thee times as numerous as the lethal genes.  These genes can persist int the population because they are hidden.  Each kind is prevented from becoming more common because of natural selection.

     Natural selection works through differential viability or fertility; That is, possessors of certain inherited characteristics may less often that normal reach maturity and have an opportunity to reduce offspring; or they may, although mature, produce fewer offspring than normal because of celibacy or sterility.  In either case, the responsible genes are diminished in frequency in the next generation.  A lot of desirable genes are lost each time, too, for selection can act only on individuals, that is to say, on entire combinations of genes.  It cannot pick out the solitary gene that is chief offender.  The reassortment and recombination of genes in sexual reproduction constitute the saving factor here, and render it unlikely that the same unoffending genes will be lost each time a particular sore of detrimental gene is eliminated.

     The rapidity with which the frequency of a gene can be reduced by selection depends upon the percentage of carriers who manifest the effects of that gene.  A full dominate, for example, with a fitness only half normal (i.e., being passed on to the next generation only half as often as it would be if normal), would in twenty generations, or about five hundred tears, be reduced to one millionth of its original frequency.  It would almost certainly reach the level where it would be maintained by fresh mutation before this.  As a consequence, any particular harmful dominant trait is already, because of natural selection, very rare.  It is of no eugenic consequence to try to deal with them.  A lowered penetrance, however, will slow up the elimination of a dominant gene, and so too will lateness of expression in life.  Huntington’s chorea, for example, is the result of a simple dominant gene  It must be regarded as a very unfortunate nervous affliction, yet because the average age of onset is thirty-five years, viability and fertility do not appear to be affected by it at all.  On the other hand, a recessive with a fitness of one half would in twenty generations be reduced in gene frequency only by about 40 per cent.  What is more, the amount of reduction declines in each succeeding generation, as an ever larger proportion of possessors becomes heterozygous.  The frequency of a common recessive gene might therefore be reduced very quickly; but the reduction in frequency of a gene already rare is almost imperceptible.  Now, because natural selection has already been at work for ages past, no gene very detrimental or harmful gene is already rare in frequency and maintained in equilibrium between mutation and selection.  Sex-linked recessives such as hemophilia fall in this respect between simple dominate genes and ordinary recessive genes.  The combinations of genes which determine complex traits such as intelligence are even more slowly affected by selection.

     Chance changes in gene frequencies and also the effects of isolation are not of as great eugenic significance in modern times as formerly, for they are marked detrimental gene may become established by chance, or a beneficial gene be eliminated.  Also, in a small population those who marry.  This inbreeding does not of itself change the open by increasing the proportion of homozygous persons, and that allows selection to be exercised upon them. If a line is free of harmful recessive genes, then inbreeding will do no harm;  Cleopatra, for example, came of a number of genes, so that the effect of inbreeding is in general to increase the number of afflicted persons in the population.  Selection can then exert a greater pressure on the relevant gene frequency.  Actually, since medieval times, the trend has been merging to make large ones, and migrations of tremendous magnitude have produced human milting pots the world around.  This has had the effect of reducing a greater proportion of the recessive genes to the heterozygous condition.  They have disappeared from view and from exposure to selection, and can now increase under cover to a much higher frequency, until such time as by random mating homozygous persons are produced and selection again becomes active.  THis may take thousand or tens of thousands of years.  Meanwhile, it is important to realized what a disastrous increase in the proportion of hereditarily afflicted persons would result if our present populations ere for any reason--say, as the aftermath of another world war--to be broken up again into small units.

     By surrounding itself with a social environment, mankind has unwittingly modified the rigor of natural selection int many respects.  The price we must pay, in the end, for the mercies of medical care and surgical aid is the dysgenic increase in the frequencies of certain detrimental genes the effects of which we have learned how to ameliorate.  Thousands upon thousands of diabetics who in a former day would have died early in life are now saved by insulin to live relatively normal lives, and or course, to pass on the genes responsible for their diabetes to their descendants.  Myopia is no longer a grave handicap in life; hearing aids alleviate certain types of deafness.  Probably no one would have it otherwise.  Yet the vision of a future population composed extensively of persons who have to wear both glasses and hearing aids, and must start the day by inserting false teeth and taking an insulin injection, in none too pleasant.  To say the least, medical science is steadily increasing to load it must carry.

     Another instance of the unconscious direction of human evolution lies in the differential reproduction of economic and cultural groups.  The differential reproduction of the several races may by ignored here, for there is no valid evidence that the known hereditary differences between them alter viability or fertility, or affect any eugenic desideratum, such as intelligence,  There is little doubt that there is some cultural levels, in such countries as Great Britain and the United States.  It is also well established that in the same countries the reproductive rate varies inversely with income.  The result, theoretically, must be a decrease in frequency of these genes contributing to high intelligence, although the decrease might be slow.  A tentative estimate by a British psychologist, Sir Cyril Burt, puts the decline in England at 1.5 or 2 IQ points per generation, which, if real, will in time have effects too grave to be ignored.

     Eugenic Practices.  The various measures of negative and positive eugenics may now be considered.  The former comprise four methods, all of which are actually in operation in certain states or countries.

     Segregation.  That most widely used is the the segregation of males and females in separate institutions, such as prisons, mental hospitals, or other “homes.”  To the extent to which it can be applied, this measure is very effective in preventing propagation.  However, most social institutions of these kinds are today regarded as having a curative function rather that one of permanent incarceration and care; so that eventually a large proportion of the inmates of these institutions are released and are again at liberty to reproduce.  To take care of the feebleminded alone in such institutions would moreover require an enormous increase in the humber of institutions and amount of care beyond what is at present available, since it is estimated that about 2 per cent of the population, or about 3,600,000 persons in the United States are feebleminded.

     Sterilization.  A second method is that of sterilization. This is also highly effective for the purpose, but has the drawback that no way of producing only temporary sterilization has been discovered.  The surgical methods consist of ligating or cutting the sexual ducts, either oviducts or vasa deferentia.  The methods thus prevents reproduction without interfering with the hormonal secretions of the ovaries or testes and so causing changes in the sexual characteristics and emotions, as does castration.  In the United States, twenty-eight states have laws for the sterilization of the hopelessly insane or the feebleminded, but application varies greatly.  Twelve states (California, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Virginia, and Wisconsin) have a record of more than 1,000 sterilizations each, California being far in the lead with 20,041.  The total (through Dec. 31, 1960) amounts to 62,162, of whom about half were mentally ill and half mentally deficient.  (Statistics provided by the Human Betterment Association of America, Inc.)  It is estimated that by sterilization and segregation the amount of mental defect and disease could be reduced perhaps 15 per cent, or from 2 per cent of the population to 1.7 per cent.

     Birth control.  A third method consists of the universal  encouragement of birth control by providing free birth control to all classes of the population would, it is argued, tend to restore the balance between the differential reproductive rates of the more intelligent and the less intelligent.  Probably to some extent this is true, and in Sweden, where this measure has been carried out, it seems indeed to have brought the reproductive rates of all economic classes of the population into line.  However, an effective use of methods of birth control requires considerable intelligence, so that only too probably insofar as this measure is practiced, it will work to lower the reproductive rate of the intelligent persons of all economic and social classes, and will affect that of the morons and feebleminded little or none.  It must also be pointed out that certain methods of birth control are vigorously condemned by particular religious groups.

     Restraints on Marriage.  The final negative measure is one which does not actually change gene frequencies but only diminishes the proportion of individuals who manifest certain traits.  This measure is the prohibition of consanguineous and assortative marriages, which, as previously was shown, greatly increase the number of persons homozygous for the rarer recessive genes.  In nearly all societies, taboos or legal restrictions have long existed against the closest degrees of in-marriage.  Perhaps these grew up because it was commonly observed that such marriages often yielded abnormal or defective children.  At any rate, the only practicable extension of this method would be to prohibit marriages of first cousins, wherever now allowed.  THis would stop only about 56 per cent of consanguineous mating according to Professor J. B. S. Haldane.  In spite of the limitations of this measure, however, it ought in time to reduce the proportion of persons manifesting recessive defects.  The maximum reduction for each defect would be 15 per cent.  For mental defect in general, Haldane has estimated the possible reduction at 2.5 per cent.  By prohibiting assortative mating between defectives, the frequency of such defects as are recessive might also be reduced.  Thus, assortative mating is strongest among the deaf. and at least two kinds o deafness are inherited as simple recessives.  A ban on marriages of two deaf persons would considerably reduce these types of hereditary deafness in the population.  Against this social advantage must be weighed the counter-advantage of happy social adjustment, promoted among the deaf by their inmarriage. 

The,Bad,Science,Mark,R.,Rowe,San,Diego,California,92102,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,And,there,appeared,a,great,wonder,in,heaven;,a,woman,clothed,with,the,sun,and,the,moon,under,her,feet,and,upon,her,head,a,crown,of,twelve,stars:,And,she,being,with,child,cried,travailing,in,birth,and,pained,to,be,delivered,And,there,appeared,another,wonder,in,heaven;,and,behold,a,great,red,dragon,having,seven,heads,and,ten,horns,and,seven,crowns,upon,his,heads.,And,his,tail,drew,the,third,part,of,the,stars,of,heaven,and,did,cast,them,to,the,earth:,and,the,dragon,stood,before,the,woman,which,was,ready,to,be,delivered,for,to,devour,her,child,as,soon,as,it,was,born.,And,she,brought,forth,a,man,child,who,was,to,rule,all,nations,with,a,rod,of,iron:,and,her,child,was,caught,up,unto,God,and,to,his,throne.,And,the,woman,fled,into,the,wilderness,where,she,hath,a,place,prepared,of,God,that,they,should,feed,her,there,a,thousand,two,hundred,and,threescore,days.,And,there,was,war,in,heaven:,Michael,and,his,angels,fought,against,the,dragon;,and,the,dragon,fought,and,his,angels,And,prevailed,not,neither,was,their,place,found,any,more,in,heaven,And,the,great,dragon,was,cast,out,that,old,serpent,called,the,Devil,and,Satan,which,deceiveth,the,whole,world:,he,was,cast,out,into,the,earth,and,his,angels,were,cast,out,with,him.,And,I,heard,a,loud,voice,saying,in,heaven,Now,is,come,salvation,and,strength,and,the,kingdom,of,our,God,and,the,power,of,his,Christ,for,the,accuser,of,our,brethren,is,cast,down,which,accused,them,before,our,God,day,and,night,And,they,overcame,him,by,the,blood,of,the,Lamb,and,by,the,word,of,their,testimony;,and,they,loved,not,their,lives,unto,the,death,Therefore,rejoice,ye,heavens,and,ye,that,dwell,in,them.,Woe,to,the,inhabiters,of,the,earth,and,of,the,sea!,for,the,devil,is,come,down,unto,you,having,great,wrath,because,he,knoweth,that,he,hath,but,a,short,time.,And,when,the,dragon,saw,that,he,was,cast,unto,the,earth,he,persecuted,the,woman,which,brought,forth,the,man,child,And,to,the,woman,were,given,two,wings,of,a,great,eagle,that,she,might,fly,into,the,wilderness,into,her,place,where,she,is,nourished,for,a,time,and,times,and,half,a,time,from,the,face,of,the,serpent,And,the,serpent,cast,out,of,his,mouth,water,as,a,flood,after,the,woman,that,he,might,cause,her,to,be,carried,away,of,the,flood.,And,the,earth,helped,the,woman,and,the,earth,opened,her,mouth,and,swallowed,up,the,flood,which,the,dragon,cast,out,of,his,mouth,And,the,dragon,was,wroth,with,the,woman,and,went,to,make,war,with,the,remnant,of,her,seed,which,keep,the,commandments,of,God,and,have,the,testimony,of,Jesus,Christ,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,The,Future,of,Eugenics,Eugenics,although,based,on,the,science,of,genetics,is,not,itself,a,sciences,for,it,must,above,all,concern,itself,with,social,values,with,the,question:,Whither,mankind?,Perhaps,general,Agreement,could,be,had,that,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,the,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,possession,of,sound,health,high,intelligence,general,adaptability,and,mobility,of,sprier,are,the,major,goals,toward,which,eugenics,should,aim;,perhaps,even,that,diversity,of,nature,is,better,than,uniformity,of,type,But,hour,far,ought,selective,reproduction,to,inters,with,human,freedoms:,Genetically,as,in,other,respects,"there,is,so,much,bad,in,the,best,of,us,and,so,much,good,in,the,worst,of,us",that,it,is,hared,to,asses,the,worth,of,the,manifest,hereditary,characteristics,of,a,person;,and,the,numerous,hidden,recessive,genes,or,genes,of,low,penetrance,make,it,quit,impossible,Nor,can,on,determine,to,what,extent,a,person's,manifest,characteristics,a,the,product,of,environment,particularly,for,this,qualities,what,eugenics',major,concern:,con,health,high,intelligence,and,the,like,THe,Jukes,and,Kallikaks,were,horrible,examples,of,degenerate,humanity,but,what,might,they,have,been,in,a,better,world:,Were,their,alcoholism,their,crime,and,their,vice,inescapable,products,of,their,genes?,It,seems,very,doubtful,Only,the,experiment,of,putting,them,from,earliest,infancy,in,to,an,optimum,environment,could,possible,yield,and,answer,It,is,easier,to,define,the,essentials,of,a,optimum,environment,not,forgetting,that,it,need,not,be,the,same,for,everyone,than,to,modify,gene,frequencies,by,wise,selection,Once,mankind,has,produced,an,approximation,of,that,optimum,environment,the,eugenic,task,will,be,simpler,In,fact,that,natural,selection,exerted,by,such,an,environment,may,make,eugenics,quite,unnecessary,See,also,Birth,Control,Genetics,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,,and,other,settings,washington,the,white,house,has,cancelled,a,planned,summit,meeting,next,month,between,president,barack,obama,and,russian,president,vladimir,putin,and,one,of,the,reasons,given,was,moscows,decision,to,grant,asylum,to,an,american,who,leaked,top,secret,information,Former,Vice,President,Dick,Cheney,called,Edward,Snowden,a,traitor,for,leaking,top,secret,documents,from,the,National,Security,Agency,in,an,interview,that,aired,Monday,afternoon,on,CNN,Cheney,added,that,he,hopes,the,U,S,is,eventually,able,to,catch,Snowden,who,was,granted,a,one,year,asylum,in,Russia,in,August,and,hopes,he,receives,the,justice,he,deserves,Cheney,said,Snowden,leaks,which,most,recently,revealed,that,the,National,Security,Agency,monitored,the,phone,conversations,of,35,world,leaders,have,hurt,Americas,ability,to,defend,itself,The,former,second,in,command,would,not,comment,on,whether,or,not,that,the,surveillance,began,in,2002,as,the,documents,indicated,The,fact,is,we,do,collect,a,lot,of,intelligence,without,speaking,about,any,particular,target,or,group,of,targets,Cheney,told,CNN,Jake,Tapper,That,intelligence,capability,is,enormously,important,to,the,United,States,to,our,conduct,of,foreign,policy,to,the,defense,matters,to,economic,matters,And,Im,a,strong,supporter,of,it,The,same,day,Cheney,came,out,against,Snowden,Wikileaks,set,up,a,Free,Snowden,a,website,designed,to,collect,money,to,defend,the,former,NSA,contractor,whose,asylum,ends,in,August,2014,Damascus,knows,the,struggle,for,the,moment,is,to,sway,American,public,opinion,With,that,in,mind,President,Assad,In,his,interview,with,CBS,and,statements,from,other,Syrian,officials,,have,stressed,at,least,three,ways,in,which,a,US,military,strike,would,backfire,There,is,the,unspecific,warning,if,not,outright,threat,of,direct,reprisals,by,Syria,,and,indirect,action,by,its,allies,such,as,Hezbollah,in,Lebanon,and,Iranian,backed,Shia,militias,in,Iraq,There,is,the,warning,that,American,action,would,strengthen,rebel,factions,linked,to,al,Qaeda,and,could,even,enable,them,to,seize,power,if,the,strike,were,damaging,enough,And,there,is,the,threat,echoed,by,Moscow,that,any,such,attack,would,scupper,already,dim,chances,of,a,political,settlement,through,peace,talks,in,Geneva,In,reality,much,depends,on,what,exactly,the,Americans,intend,to,do,If,their,strike,is,as,Mr,Kerry,said,incredibly,small,the,repercussions,might,be,very,limited,Iranian,backed,militias,in,Iraq,might,fire,off,some,mortars,at,the,enormous,US,embassy,compound,in,Baghdad,for,example,But,more,serious,actions,such,as,Hezbollah,striking,at,Israel,are,unlikely,unless,the,US,launches,a,very,major,operation,indeed,Russia,has,asked,Syria,to,put,its,chemical,weapons,stockpiles,under,international,control,and,then,have,them,destroyed,in,an,attempt,to,avoid,US,military,strikes,Foreign,Minister,Sergei,Lavrov,said,the,offer,was,made,during,talks,with,his,Syrian,counterpart,Walid,Muallem,who,welcomed,the,initiative,The,US,said,it,was,skeptical,but,would,have,a,hard,look,at,the,plan,The,US,accuses,Damascus,of,war,crimes,allegations,denied,by,the,regime,US,Secretary,of,State,John,Kerry,in,Europe,to,garner,support,for,the,military,action,,inadvertently,started,the,talk,of,Syria,giving,up,its,chemical,weapons,early,on,Monday,When,asked,at,a,news,conference,whether,there,was,anything,Syrian,President,Bashar,al,Assad,could,do,to,avoid,military,action,Mr,Kerry,replied,that,he,could,hand,over,his,entire,stockpile,of,chemical,weapons,within,the,next,week,US,officials,subsequently,clarified,that,Mr,Kerry,was,making,a,rhetorical,argument,rather,than,a,serious,offer,However,Mr,Lavrov,later,revealed,in,a,news,conference,that,he,had,urged,Mr,Muallem,to,not,only,agree,on,placing,chemical,weapons,storage,sites,under,international,control,,but,also,on,their,subsequent,destruction,He,said,he,had,also,told,Mr,Muallem,that,Syria,should,then,fully,join,the,Chemical,Weapons,Convention,Mr,Muallem,told,reporters,through,an,interpreter,that,Syria,welcomed,the,initiative,and,praised,Russia,for,attempting,to,prevent,American,aggression,against,our,people,Mr,Kerry,and,Mr,Lavrov,spoke,on,the,phone,after,the,Russian,proposal,was,put,forward,but,US,officials,sounded,a,cautious,note,over,the,plan,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,government,would,study,the,proposal,but,had,skepticism,over,the,credibility,of,the,Assad,regime,In,an,interview,earlier,Assad,refused,to,even,acknowledge,that,he,has,chemical,weapons,Of,course,the,whole,world,knows,he,does,said,Mr,Carney,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,would,study,Russia's,proposals,He,promised,that,the,US,would,continue,to,push,for,strikes,because,the,credible,threat,of,military,action,was,vital,in,putting,pressure,on,the,Assad,regime,US,allies,have,also,reacted,cautiously,UK,Minister,David,Cameron,said,the,destruction,of,the,weapons,would,be,a,huge,step,forward,but,warned,that,it,should,not,be,used,as,a,distraction,tactic,French,Foreign,Minister,Laurent,Fabius,called,on,Mr,Assad,to,make,rapid,serious,and,verifiable,comments,to,the,plan,German,Chancellor,Angela,Merkel,said,it,was,an,interesting,proposal,but,added,that,she,hoped,real,action,would,follow,Pay,the,price,Moscow,has,been,Mr,Assad's,main,international,ally,throughout,Syria's,two,and,a,half,year,civil,war,Russia,has,blocked,three,resolutions,against,Syria,in,the,UN,Security,Council,and,has,dismissed,US,claims,that,Mr,Assad's,forces,carried,out,a,chemical,attack,in,Damascus,on,August,killing,people,Mr,Assad's,government,blames,the,attack,on,rebels,fighting,to,overthrow,him,in,a,conflict,that,the,UN,says,has,claimed,some,lives,The,UN,sent,weapons,experts,into,Damascus,to,investigate,the,attack,UN,Secretary,General,Ban,Ki,moon,said,on,Monday,that,if,the,experts,concluded,chemicals,had,been,used,,he,would,consider,asking,the,Security,Council,to,approve,a,safe,zone,in,Syria,where,the,weapons,could,be,destroyed,Meanwhile,the,Syrian,leader,gave,an,interview,to,US,network,PBS,in,which,he,warned,the,US,against,intervention,saying,the,Middle,East,was,on,the,brink,of,explosion,You're,going,to,pay,the,price,if,you're,not,wise,with,dealing,with,terrorists,There,are,going,to,be,repercussions,he,said,The,government,is,not,the,only,player,in,this,region,You,have,different,parties,different,factions,different,ideologies,You,have,everything,in,this,decision,now,Mr,Assad,did,not,explain,whether,his,comment,was,a,threat,that,Syrian,backed,groups,such,as,Hezbollah,would,launch,retaliation,or,a,warning,that,strikes,would,bolster,al,Qaeda,linked,groups,He,also,denied,using,chemical,weapons,saying,there,was,no,evidence,to,hold,his,government,responsible,for,the,August,attack,Continue,reading,the,main,story,Start,Quote,The,proposal,to,destroy,Syria's,chemical,weapons,could,be,a,one,day,wonder,but,it,could,also,be,a,game,changer,Mark,Mardell,North,America,Heavy,lift,US,President,Barack,Obama,has,cleared,his,schedule,this,week,to,focus,all,his,attention,on,building,support,for,the,Syrian,intervention,He,has,acknowledged,he,faces,a,heavy,lift,to,win,congressional,backing,A,poll,carried,out,by,ABC,and,the,BBC,on,Friday,suggested,more,than,members,in,the,House,of,Representatives,were,either,opposed,or,likely,to,oppose,strikes,Just,representatives,said,they,would,support,or,were,likely,to,support,action,and,a,large,proportion,are,still,undecided,on,the,issue,Many,US,politicians,and,members,of,the,public,remain,concerned,that,military,action,could,draw,the,nation,into,a,prolonged,war,and,spark,broader,hostilities,in,the,region,of,the44,21,230,433,100000,1429,21,Wilhelm,Wundt,Psychology,Physiology,Physiologist,Psychologist,Researcher,Research,Experimentation,Zoology,Freudian,Freud,Psychoanalysis,Psychotherapy,MK,Ultra,Project,Leipiz,Ingoldstaldt,Berlin,Adam,Weishaupt,Ante,Nicene,once,we,are,born,we,can,hear,and,knowledge,springs,up,from,beneath,us,and,sheds,its,beams,around,our,minds,illuminati,sacred,texts,text,documents,bavaria,west,german,federal,republic,bonn,switzerland,geneva,belgrade,austria,hamburg,enigma,computer,technology,c,c++,att,bell,laboratories,princeton,university,cambridge,oxford,luddites,chartist,protests,movements,nottingham,london,england,uk,great,britain,university,california,palomar,mountain,range,california,polytechnic,state,university,”san louis obi so,california”,san,diego,riverside,orange,los,angeles,counties,county,metropolitan,greater,region,area,city,”human genome project”,”san francisco bay”,”university of california berkeley”,”the Massachusetts institue of technology”,”Boston, Massachusetts”,”Stanford University”,”Cyclotron Laboratory”,”The University of Chicago”,”Chicago, Illinois”,”The Enrico De Fermi Institue for Advanced Nuclear Studies”,”The Ryerson Chemical Engineering Laboratory The University of Chicago Department of Chemistry”,”The John Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland Laurel Maryland The Applied Physics Laboratory”,”The Department of Defense Research and Development Bethesda Maryland Howard County Montgomery County Maryland”,20876,22043,22101,22102, 703,202,571,301,843,443,22203,22207,22206,22204,22201,22200,22202,22209,22046,22048,22035,22052,22058,22060,22062,As,a,leader,in,biomedical,engineering,research,,the,Duke,BME,offers,an,outstanding,opportunity,for,Master,of,Engineering,students.,Being,at,the,forefront,of,ground,breaking,research,means,we,integrate,theory,and,practice,in,our,classrooms,and,discussions,Collaborations,exist,with,many,Duke,Medical,Center,departments,such,as,the,Duke,Comprehensive,Cancer,Center,and,the,(CIVM),As,a,student,in,the,MEng,program,,you,will,receive,personalized,guidance,from,a,faculty,mentor,and,advisor.,In,addition,our,relationships,with,internationally,respected,biotech,firms,in,nearby,Research,Triangle,Park,,such,as,Siemens,Medical,Systems,,Boehringer,Mannheim,,Genentech,,Genetronics,,Glaxo,Wellcome,,Guidant,,and,Medtronic,may,provide,unique,opportunities,for,internships,Center,for,In,Vivo,Microscopy,The,Human,Betterment,League,was,created,in,on,the,initiative,of,hosiery,king,James,G,Hanes,He,was,joined,by,members,of,the,Winston,Salem,elite,,such,as,Clarence,Gamble,of,Procter,&,Gamble,Alice,Shelton,Gray,,Dr,C,Nash,Herndon,a,leader,in,the,medical,genetics,department,at,the,Bowman,Gray,School,of,Medicine,and,a,professor,of,psychology,at,the,University,of,North,Carolina,at,The,Human,Betterment,League,has,been,criticized,historically,for,its,role,in,the,sterilization,of,men,women,and,children,White,,Black,and,Indian,who,were,deemed,inferior,by,society's,elite,Winston,Salem,North,Carolina,The,original,focus,of,the,organization,was,the,promotion,of,eugenic,sterilization,and,the,education,of,the,public,about,the,causes,and,prevention,of,mental,illnesses,and,handicaps.,By,the,early,the,Human,Betterment,League,had,shifted,its,focus,to,promoting,education,on,birth,control,and,genetic,counseling,In,it,changed,its,name,to,the,Human,Genetics,League,,and,it,disbanded,in,1988,Hill,1984,1970s,1947,Chapel,Dr,A,M,Jordan,Palestine,Arabic:,فلسطين‎,Filasṭīn,,Falasṭīn,Filisṭīn;,Greek:,Παλαιστίνη,,Palaistinē;,Latin:,Palaestina;,Hebrew:,פלשתינה,Palestina),is,a,geographic,region,in,Western,Asia,between,the,Mediterranean,Sea,and,the,Jordan,River.,It,is,sometimes,considered,to,include,adjoining,territories.,The,name,was,used,by,Ancient,Greek,writers,,and,was,later,used,for,the,Roman,province,Syria,Palaestina,,the,Byzantine,Palaestina,Prima,and,the,Umayyad,and,Abbasid,province,of,Jund,Filastin.,The,region,is,also,known,as,the,Land,of,Israel,Hebrew,ארץ־,ישראל,Eretz,Yisra'el,the,Holy,Land,the,Southern,Levant,Cisjordan,and,historically,has,been,known,by,other,names,including,Canaan,Southern,Syria,and,Jerusalem,Situated,at,a,strategic,location,between,Egypt,Syria,and,Arabia,,and,the,birthplace,of,Judaism,and,Christianity,the,region,has,a,long,and,tumultuous,history,as,a,crossroads,for,religion,culture,commerce,and,politics,The,region,has,been,controlled,by,numerous,different,peoples,including,Ancient,Egyptians,Canaanites,Israelites,,Assyrians,Babylonians,Persians,Ancient,Greeks,Romans,Byzantines,the,Sunni,Arab,Caliphates,the,Shia,Fatimid,Caliphate,Crusaders,Ayyubids,Mameluks,Ottomans,the,British,and,modern,Israelis,and,Palestinians,Boundaries,of,the,region,have,changed,throughout,history,and,were,last,defined,in,modern,times,by,the,Franco,British,boundary,agreement,1920,and,the,Transjordan,memorandum,of,16,September,1922,during,the,mandate,period,Today,the,region,comprises,the,State,of,Israel,and,the,State,of,Palestine,In,the,mouse,,each,class,of,olfactory,receptor,neurons,expressing,a,given,odorant,receptor,has,convergent,axonal,projections,to,two,specific,glomeruli,in,the,olfactory,bulb,thereby,creating,an,odor,map,However,it,is,unclear,how,this,map,is,represented,in,the,olfactory,cortex,Here,we,combine,rabies,virus,dependent,retrograde,mono,trans,synaptic,labeling,with,genetics,to,control,the,location,number,and,type,of,starter,cortical,neurons,from,which,we,trace,their,presynaptic,neurons,We,find,that,individual,cortical,neurons,receive,input,from,multiple,mitral,cells,representing,broadly,distributed,glomeruli,Different,cortical,areas,represent,the,olfactory,bulb,input,differently,For,example,the,cortical,amygdala,preferentially,receives,dorsal,olfactory,bulb,input,whereas,the,piriform,cortex,samples,the,whole,olfactory,bulb,without,obvious,bias,These,differences,probably,reflect,different,functions,of,these,cortical,areas,in,mediating,innate,odor,preference,or,associative,memory,The,trans,synaptic,labeling,method,described,here,should,be,widely,applicable,to,mapping,connections,throughout,the,mouse,nervous,system,Humans,differ,from,other,animals,in,many,aspects,of,anatomy,physiology,and,behavior,however,the,genotypic,basis,of,most,human,specific,traits,remains,unknown,Recent,whole,genome,comparisons,have,made,it,possible,to,identify,genes,with,elevated,rates,of,amino,acid,change,or,divergent,expression,in,humans,and,non,coding,sequences,with,accelerated,base,pair,changes.,Regulatory,alterations,may,be,particularly,likely,to,produce,phenotypic,effects,while,preserving,viability,and,are,known,to,underlie,interesting,evolutionary,gene,a,molecular,change,correlated,with,anatomical,loss,of,androgen,dependent,sensory,vibrissae,and,penile,spines,in,the,human,lineage,Another,deletion,a,loss,correlated,with,expansion,of,specific,brain,regions,in,humans.,Deletions,of,tissue,from,the,human,androgen,receptor,specific,enhancers,may,thus,accompany,both,loss,and,gain,traits,in,the,human,lineage,and,provide,specific,examples,of,the,kinds,of,regulatory,alterations,and,inactivation,events,long,proposed,to,have,an,important,role,in,human,evolutionary,divergence,between,chimpanzees,and,other,mammals,We,confirm,or,gene,growth,arrest,and,DNA,damage,inducible,gamma,of,sequences,otherwise,highly,conserved,function,One,deletion,removes,a,sensory,vibrissae,and,penile,spine,enhancer,removes,a,forebrain,subventricular,zone,enhancer,near,tumour,suppress,produce,significant,regulatory,changes,in,humans,complete,deletion,are,enriched,near,genes,involved,in,steroid,hormone,signalling,and,neural,regions,and,differences,in,other,species.,Here,we,identify,molecular,events,particularly,likely,to,such,deletions,in,humans,which,fall,almost,exclusively,in,non,coding,"510“,“(AR)",(GADD45G),a,NSA's,Data,Packet,Logfile,NSA,National,Security,Administration,United,States,gov,government,us,usa,u.s.,maryland,laurel,fort,meade,ft.army,headquarters,hq,h.q.,columbia,md,baltimore,washington,dc,d.c.,jessup,whiskey,bottom,road,rd,nsa,breaking,privacy,usa,france,washington,state,california,breaking,the,law,spying,on,american,citizens,cia,facebook,program