Documented evidence of microchip implants in people's brains connected to a universal link. The creators of this technology are satan worshiping anti-God Eugenics occult followers of the devil, and have a very hot place in hell.

Microchip Mind Control,
Implants And Cybernetics

12-6-1

Actual 1974 Congressional Testimony of Dr. Jose Delgado -

"We need a program of PSYCHOSURGERY for POLITICAL CONTROL of our society. The purpose is PHISICAL CONTROL OF THE MIND. Everyone who deviates from the given norm can be SURGICALLY MUTILATED.

"The individual may think that the most important reality is his own existence, but this is only his personal point of view. This lacks historical perspective.

"Man does NOT HAVE THE RIGHT to develop his own mind. This kind of liberal orientation has great appeal. We must ELECTRICALLY CONTROL THE BRAIN. Some day armies and generals will be controlled by electric stimulation of the brain."

Dr. Jose M.R. Delgado Director of Neuropsychiatry Yale University Medical School Congressional Record, No. 26, Vol. 118 February 24, 1974

(Author of "PHYSICAL CONTROL OF THE MIND" 1969)


The following article was originally published in the 36th-year edition of the Finnish-language journal, SPEKULA (3rd Quarter, 1999). SPEKULA is a publication of Northern Finland medical students and doctors of Oulu University OLK (OULUN LAAKETIETEELLINEN KILTA).


MICROCHIP IMPLANTS, MINDCONTROL AND CYBERNETICS

By Rauni-Leena Luukanen-Kilde, MD Former Chief Medical Officer of Finland

In 1948 Norbert Weiner published a book, CYBERNETICS, defined as a neurological communication and control theory already in use in small circles at that time. Yoneji Masuda, "Father of Information Society," stated his concern in 1980 that our liberty is threatened Orwellian-style by cybernetic technology totally unknown to most people. This technology links the brains of people via implanted microchips to satellites controlled by ground-based super-computers.

The first brain implants were surgically inserted in 1874 in the state of Ohio, U.S.A., and also in Stockholm, Sweden. Brain electrodes were inserted into the skulls of babies in 1946 without the knowledge of their parents. In the 50's and 60's, electrical implants were inserted into the brains of animals and humans, especially in the U.S., during research into behavior modification, and brain and body functioning. Mind control (MC) methods were used in attempt to change human behavior and attitudes. Influencing brain functions became an important goal of military and intelligence services.

Thirty years ago brain implants showed up in xrays the size of one centimeter. Subsequent implants shrunk to the size of a grain of rice. They were made of silicon, later still of gallium arsenide. Today they are small enough to be inserted into the neck or back, and also intraven-ously in different parts of the body during surgical operations, with or without the consent of the subject. It is now almost impossible to detect or remove them.

It is technically possible for every newborn to be injected with a micro-chip, which could then function to identify the person for the rest of his or her life. Such plans are secretly being discussed in the U.S. without any public airing of the privacy issues involved. In Sweden, Prime Minister Olof Palme gave permission in 1973 to implant prisoners, and Data Inspection's ex-Director General Jan Freese revealed that nursing-home patients were implanted in the mid- 1980's. The technology is revealed in the 1972:47 Swedish state report, STATENS OFFICIELLA UTRADNINGER (SOU).

Implanted human beings can be followed anywhere. Their brain functions can then be remotely monitored by supercomputers and even altered through the changing of frequencies. Guinea-pigs in secret experiments have in-cluded prisoners, soldiers, mental patients, handicapped children, deaf and blind people, homosexuals, single women, the elderly, school children and any group of people considered "marginal" by the elite experimenters. The published experiences of prisoners in Utah State Prison, for example, are shocking to the conscience.

Today's microchips operate by means of low-frequency radio waves that target them. With the help of satellites, the implanted person can be tracked anywhere on the globe. Such a technique was among a number tested in the Iraq war, according to Dr. Carl Sanders, who invented the intell-igence-manned interface (IMI) biotic, which is injected into people. (Earlier during the Vietnam War, soldiers were injected with the Rambo chip, designed to increase adrenaline flow into the bloodstream.) The U.S. National Security Agency's (NSA) 20 billion bits/second supercomputers could now "see and hear" what soldiers experience in the battlefield with a remote monitoring system (RMS).

When a 5-micromillimeter microchip (the diameter of a strand of hair is 50 micromillometers) is placed into optical nerve of the eye, it draws neuroimpulses from the brain that embody the experiences, smells, sights and voice of the implanted person. Once transferred and stored in a computer, these neuroimpulses can be projected back to the person's brain via the microchip to be re-experienced. Using a RMS, a land-based computer operator can send electromagnetic messages (encoded as signals) to the nervous system, affecting the target's performance. With RMS, healthy persons can be induced to see hallucinations and to hear voices in their heads.

Every thought, reaction, hearing and visual observation causes a certain neurological potential, spikes, and patterns in the brain and its elect- romagnetic fields, which can now be decoded into thoughts, pictures and voices. Electromagnetic stimulation can therefore change a person's brainwaves and affect muscular activity, causing painful muscular cramps experienced as torture.

The NSA's electronic surveillance system can simultaneously follow and handle millions of people. Each of us has a unique bioelectrical reson- ance frequency in the brain, just like we have unique fingerprints. With electro-magnetic frequency (EMF) brain stimulation fully coded, pulsating electromagnetic signals can be sent to the brain, causing the desired voice and visual effects to be experienced by the target. This is a form of electronic warfare. U.S. astronauts were implanted before they were sent into space so their thoughts could be followed and all their emotions could be registered 24 hours a day.

The Washington Post reported in in May 1995 that Prince William of Great Britain was implanted at the age of 12. Thus, if he were ever kidnapped, a radiowave with a specific frequency could be targeted to his microchip. The chips signal would be routed through a satellite to the computer screen of police headquarters, where the Princes movements could be followed. He could actually be located anywhere on the globe.

The mass media have not reported that an implanted person's privacy van- ishes for the rest of his or her life. S/he can be manipulated in many ways. Using different frequencies, the secret controller of this equip- ment can even change a person's emotional life. S/he can be made aggress- ive or lethargic. Sexuality can be artificially influenced. Thought sig-nals and subconscious thinking can be read, dreams affected and even induced, all without the knowledge or consent of the implanted person.

A perfect cyber-soldier can thus be created. This secret technology has been used by military forces in certain NATO countries since the 1980's without civilian and academic populations having heard anything about it. Thus, little information about such invasive mind-control systems is available in professional and academic journals.

The NSA's Signals Intelligence can remotely monitor information from human brains by decoding the evoked potentials (3.50HZ, 5 milliwatt) emitted by the brain. Prisoner experimentees in both Gothenburg, Sweden and Vienna, Austria have been found to have [missing word] brain lesions. Diminished blood circulation and lack of oxygen in the right temporal frontal lobes result where brain implants are usually operative. A Finnish experimentee experienced brain atrophy and intermittent attacks of unconsciousness due to lack of oxygen.

Mind control techniques can be used for political purposes. The goal of mind controllers today is to induce the targeted persons or groups to act against his or her own convictions and best interests. Zombified individ-uals can even be programmed to murder and remember nothing of their crime afterward. Alarming examples of this phenomenon can be found in the U.S.

This silent war is being conducted against unknowing civilians and sold-iers by military and intelligence agencies. Since 1980 electronic stim- ulation of the brain (ESB) has been secretly used to control people tar-geted without their knowledge or consent. All international human rights agreements forbid nonconsensual manipulation of human beings even in pri-sons, not to speak of civilian populations. Under an initiative of U.S. Senator John Glenn, discussions commenced in January 1997 about the dan-gers of radiating civilian populations. Targeting peoples brain functions with electromagnetic fields and beams (from helicopters and airplanes, satellites, from parked white vans, neighboring houses, telephone poles, electrical appliances, mobil phones, TV, radio, etc.), is part of the radiation problem that should be addressed in democratically elected government bodies.

In addition to electronic MC, chemical methods have also been developed. Mind-altering drugs and different smelling gasses affecting brain function negatively can be injected into air ducts or water pipes. Also, bacteria and viruses have been tested this way in several countries.

Today's supertechnology, connecting our brain functions via microchips (or even without them, according to the latest technology) to computers via satellites in the U.S. or Israel, poses the gravest threat to human-ity. The latest supercomputers are powerful enough to monitor the whole worlds population. What will happen when people are tempted by false premises to allow microchips into their bodies? One lure will be a micro-chip identity card. Compulsory legislation has even been secretly pro-posed in the U.S. to criminalize removal of an ID implant.

Are we ready for the robotization of mankind and the total elimination of privacy, including freedom of thought? How many of us would want to cede our entire life, including our most secret thoughts, to Big Brother? Yet the technology exists to create a totalitarian "New World Order." Covert neurological communication systems are in place to counteract independent thinking and to control social and political activity on behalf of self-serving private and military interests.

When our brain functions are already is connected to supercomputers by means of radio implants and microchips, it will be too late for protest. This threat can be defeated only by educating the public, using available literature on biotelemetry and information exchanged at international congresses.

One reason this technology has remained a state secret is the widespread prestige of the psychiatric DIAGNOSTIC STATISTICAL MANUAL IV produced by the U.S. American Psychiatric Association (APA), and printed in 18 lan-guages. Psychiatrists working for U.S. intelligence agencies no doubt participated in writing and revising this manual. This psychiatric "bible" covers up the secret development of MC technologies by labelling some of their effects as symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia.

Victims of mind control experimentation are thus routinely diagnosed, knee-jerk fashion, as mentally ill by doctors who learned the DSM symptom list in medical school. Physicians have not been schooled that patients may be telling the truth when they report being targeted against their will or being used as guinea pigs for electronic, chemical and bacteriological forms of psychological warfare.

Time is running out for changing the direction of military medicine, and ensuring the future of human freedom. -- Rauni Kilde, MD December 6, 2000 ___


MICROWAVE MIND CONTROL: MODERN TORTURE AND CONTROL MECHANISMS ELIMINATING HUMAN RIGHTS AND PRIVACY

By Dr. Rauni Leena Kilde, MD
September 25, 1999

Helsingin Sanomat, the largest newspaper in Scandinavia, wrote in the September 9, 1999 issue that Scientific American magazine estimates that after the Millenium perhaps ALL people will be implanted with a "DNA microchip".

How many people realize what it actually means? Total loss of privacy and total outside control of the person's physical body functions, men-tal, emotional and thought processes, including the implanted person's subconscious and dreams! For the rest of his life!

It sounds like science fiction but it is secret military and intelligence agencies' mind control technology, which has been experimented with for almost half a century. Totally without the knowledge of the general public and even the general academic population.

Supercomputers in Maryland, Israel and elsewhere with a speed of over 20 BILLION bits/sec can monitor millions of people simultaneously. In fact, the whole world population can be totally controlled by these secret brain-computer interactions, however unbelievable it sounds for the uninformed.

Human thought has a speed of 5,000 bits/sec and everyone understands that our brain cannot compete with supercomputers acting via satellites, implants, local facilities, scalar or other forms of biotelemetry.

Each brain has a unique set of bioelectric resonance/entrainment characteristics. Remote neural monitoring systems with supercomputers can send messages through an implanted person's nervous system and affect their performance in any way desired. They can of course be tracked and identified anywhere.

Neuro-electromagnetic involuntary human experimentation has been going on with the so-called "vulnerable population" for about 50 years, in the name of "science" or "national security" in the worst Nazi-type testing, contrary to all human rights. Physical and psychological torture of mind control victims today is like the worst horror movies. Only, unlike the horror movies, it is true.

It happens today in the USA, Japan, and Europe. With few exceptions, the mass media suppresses all information about the entire topic.

Mind control technology in the USA is classified under "non-lethal" weaponry. The name is totally misleading because the technology used IS lethal, but death comes slowly in the form of "normal" illnesses, like cancer, leukemia, heart attacks, Alzheimer's disease with loss of short term memory first. No wonder these illnesses have increased all over the world.

When the use of electromagnetic fields, extra-low (ELF) and ultra-low (ULF) frequencies and microwaves aimed deliberately at certain individ-uals, groups, and even the general population to cause diseases, disori-entation, chaos and physical and emotional pain breaks into the awareness of the general population, a public outcry is inevitable.

[Eleanor White comment: ELF/ULF frequencies on their own cannot be focussed and are practically impossible to transmit in the usual manner of radio transmissions. ELF/ULF cannot carry voice.

ELF/ULF CAN be carried on radio and ultrasound carrier signals, however, and are effective in things like setting up a target to be more receptive to hypnosis, force a target to be unable to sleep, and force a target to fall asleep daytime. This is like the reverse process of reading the brain's natural ELF/ULF electrical activity using biofeedback.]

Who is behind a sinister plan to microchip and control and torture the general population?

[Eleanor White's comment: Reports from persons targetted by neuro- electromagnetic experimentation show that not everyone is implanted. The fact that those few victims who have had implants removed cannot get custody of the implants means someone has a keen interest in controlling the use of covert implants and preventing the publication of this practice.]

The Patent Office of the U.S.A. has granted patents for purposes of mental monitoring and mind alteration.

Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brainwaves, methods for inducing mental, emotional and physical states of conscious- ness, in human beings. Method of and apparatus for desired states of consciousness are among some of them.

People who have been implanted, involuntarily or through deception vol- untarily have become bilogical robots and guinea pigs for this activity under the guise of national security.

The real consequences of microchip implantation (or with today's advanced hidden technology, using only microwave radiation for mind control,) are totally hidden from the public. How many know the real dangers of mic- rowaves through mobile phones?

How many believe the disinformation that microwave radiation is not causing health problems? The economic issues in the mobile phone industry are enormous. Therefore health issues are deliberately brushed aside.

However, the same thing is inevitable in the future as with the tobacco industry. When economic compensation for health damages becomes big enough, as in the tobacco industry, health hazards will be admitted and users are then responsible for their tobacco-related illnesses.

Today, already about 50% of Finns, Swedes and Norwegians use mobile phones, especially the young population.

Mobile phones used in mind control was a brilliant idea. Military and police agencies can follow every user, influence their thoughts through microwaves, cause healthy people to hear voices in their heads and if needed burn their brains in a second by increasing the current 20,000 times.

That probably happened to Chechnyan leader General Dudayev who died talking to a mobile phone.

Heating effect of tissues with the speed of light is a known effect of high power microwave and electromagnetic pulse weapons.

According to Navy studies they also cause fatigue states, depression, insomnia, aggressiveness, long and especially short term memory loss, short catatonic states, cataracts, leukemia, cancer, heart attacks, brain tumors and so forth.

Alteration of behavior and attitudes hs been demonstrated as well.

Dr. Ross Adey has found out that by using 0.75 milliwatts per square centimeter intensity of pulse modulated microwave at a frequency of 450 MHz it is possible to control ALL aspects of human behaviour!

Microwave radiation excites the hydrogen bond in the cells and can interfere with meiosis, which leads to tumors.

All our emotions, moods, and thoughts have a specific brain frequency which has been catalogued. If these records fall into the wrong hands, our behaviour and attitudes can be manipulated by persons whose ethics and morals are not in our best interest.

Both military and intelligence agencies have been infiltrated with such persons. The Director of the Swiss Secret Service had to resign in September 1999 because of his agency's involvement in illegal arms deals and a plan to create an ORGANIZATION within the legal Secret Service.

This globally infiltrated organization has "octopus type" activities in all major intelligence services in the world, working together with the Mafia and terrorists. It has recruited people from all important government institutions, state and local administrations.

It owns Star Wars technology which is used against military and civilian populations, claiming it is "non-lethal" weaponry.

"Down and out" people, jobless, freed prisoners, mental outpatients, students and orphans are trained by this organization to harass, follow, and torture innocent people, who for whatever reason have been put on the organization's hit list. They are ALREADY in every apartment block!

[Eleanor White comment: This gang-like colour-coding is not reported in all areas. Dr. Kilde's experience is with northern Europe.]

Deception is the name of the game, so recruits are told untrue sinister stories of their victims to keep them motivated. They have a military order and get rewarded for their evil actions, which include Satanism, and symbols and yellow-orange-black colors. However, fresh recruits must wear pink - and the highest elite wears yellow ties with dark suits.

Even dashes of yellow or orange in their ties may signal their recruitment as well as yellow shirts or other objects with that color for signalling.

Too many world leaders fit into this signalling. However, it is quite possible they are only used as fronts for this global organization without any knowledge of it's criminal activity in the field against innocent people. Mass media and big industry are also infiltrated.

Who are the targets? Experimentation with soldiers and prisoners may continue, as well as handicapped children, mental patients, homosexuals and single women. They are still experimental guinea pigs for electronic and chemical warfare. But today ANYONE can become a target, even those who invented the system.

Researchers who find out about this secret radiation of the population become targets themselves.

The U.S. Senate discussed the issue on January 22, 1997. The U.S. Air Force's "Commando Solo" aircraft have been used to send subliminal radio frequency messages to manipulate even the minds of foreign nations in their elections. Haiti and Bosnia are a couple of recent examples.

In July 1994 the U.S. Department of Defense proposed the use of "non-lethal" weapons against anyone engaged in activities the DoD opposes. Thus opposing political views, economic competitors, counterculture individuals and so forth can be beamed to sickness or death.

The Psychiatric Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) for mental disorders has been a brilliant cover up operation in 18 languages to hide the atrocities of military and intelligence agencies' actions towards their targets. THE MANUAL LISTS ALL MIND CONTROL ACTIONS AS SIGNS OF PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA.

If a target is under surveillance with modern technology via TV, radio, telephone, loudspeakers, lasers, microwaves, poisoned with mind altering drugs via airducts, giving familiar smells which cause headache, nausea and so forth, if he claims his clothes are poisoned, his food or tap water as well --- all medical schools teach their students that the person is paranoid, ESPECIALLY if he believes intelligence agencies are behind it all.

Never is the medical profession told that these are routine actions all over the world by intelligence agencies against their targets. Thus, victims of mind control are falsely considered mentally ill and get no help since they are not believed and their suffering is doubled by ignorant health professionals.

The unethical abuses of power by individuals in charge of biomedical telemetry are incomprehensible to normal people.

The goal of mind control is to program an individual to carry out any mission of espionage or assassination even against their will and self- preservation instict and to control the absolute behavior and thought patterns of the individual. The purpose of mind control is to disrupt memory, discredit people through aberrant behavior, to make them insane or to commit suicide or murder.

How is it possible that this technology is not stopped by political top authorities? They themselves will also be targets someday, a fact they have not always realized. How much are they involved?

This year the 1999 European Parliament in "Resolution on Environment, Security, and Forein Policy", in paragraphs 23, 24, and 27 calls for "non-lethal" weapons technology and development of new arms strategies to be covered and regulated by international conventions.

Also, it calls for an international convention introducing a GLOBAL BAN on all developments and deployments of weapons which might enable ANY FORM OF MANIPULATION OF HUMAN BEINGS.

Project HAARP in Alaska is a global concern, and calls for it's legal, ecological, and ethical implications to be examined by an international independent body before any further research and testing.

It is possible that the USA will ignore those resolutions. The dangers of non-lethal mind control weapons were already revealed in an expert meeting of the International Committee of the Red Cross in Geneva, in July 1994.

Only increased public awareness of the microchip implants, their frightful consequences to privacy by influencing of individuals' thoughts and actions, causing people to become biological robots with physical and emotional pain whenever the supercomputer technician so wishes, is enough reason to refuse to take the chip into your body for whatever reason. Information about the Illuminati click here

Does the U.S. still live by the same rules, laws, and principles that are contained within our U.S. Constitution?

     Where have all the U.S. civil liberties and constitutional rights to privacy that protect the U.S. citizens from a government breaking the law, such as the taking of pictures by government employees from a remote location while at work of people that live in the U.S. via millions of American’s cell phones, tablets, or computers camera that is was only intended to be made by computer and cell phone makers for the use of the individual that owns this computer, cell phone or tablet, the monitoring of 100’s of millions of domestic phone conversations, the reading of millions of emails sent and received by U.S. citizens and non-U.S. citizens, the tracking, storing, saving, retrieval, analyzing, gathering, populating data into computer algorithms for automatic continuous real-time updates of cyber-patterns and behaviors of cyber-data known as “cookies” that the U.S. government has used to create an all encompassing data set profile (known as a meta-data list) on every single person that has at one point or another been inside the U.S. since the spring of 2003?

Well, it looks like forced sterilizations are still taking place mandated by the most evil men who make these laws and carry out these genocide medical procedures.

Forced sterilizations are still taking place in ultra modern society. What a pathetic shame, these Eugenicists are evil, and need to stop what they are doing.

This is the truth about the treatment of the mentally ill, mentally defective, and the feebleminded in the U.S. and also in Great Britain. Thank you.

Eugenics is a term coined by Francis Galton in 1883, meaning well born, to apply to the study and practice of breeding better plants and animals useful to man, and likewise of safeguarding and improving the human heritage.  With the passage of time, the meaning of “eugenics” has come to be restricted to the latter sense.  It was defined by Kellicott as “the social Direction of human evolution.”
     The social direction of human evolution is no new idea.  Man peoples have practiced infanticide in order to red their society of abnormal or defective individuals and to prevent their increase.  The ancient Spartans not only did this, but also, in order to maintain their ascendancy over the helots, practiced most of the eugenic measures applied in recent times.  For the dominant class, emigration was limited and marriage with those of their own order was encouraged.  Celibates bore the weight of special taxes, whereas the production of offspring was rewarded by the state.  A severe regimen was maintained to promote fitness and to eliminate the weak or deformed.  Also, periodically, the helots were massacred in large numbers, so as always to keep that supposedly inferior element of the population down.
     Plato’s proposals for a eugenic society are famous  He held that neither defective children nor those produced by inferior parents ought to be reared.  Chronic invalids and victims of self-indulgence should be denied medical aid, and the morally degenerate executed.  On the positive side, the improvement of the race could be promoted by temporary unions of the best men and women for the specific purpose of creating superior offspring.
     These examples are enough to show that nature of the main questions that arise in attempting ‘the social direction of human evolution,’ the questions: what? how? and whither?  What is the nature of heredity, the material the eugenist would alter?  How readily and by what agents may it be altered?  Toward what goals should eugenics be directed?  These will be taken up in turn.
     We know that to start with, each individual is a fertilized egg cell that must develop the characteristics common to all members of its species, race, and family, besides those traits peculiar to itself.  The fertilized egg, then, possesses potentialities and capacities for developing in a certain way, but it can do so only within the limitations of its environment.  We therefore need to understand first, the mechanism of heredity (i.e., how the fertilized egg comes to posses its potentialities); and second, the relative power of heredity and environment in molding a person’s traits.
     As to the first, the science of genetics informs us that heredity is primarily determined by genes.  These hereditary units are present in equal number in each of the reproductive cells (ovum and sperm) that unite in fertilization.  Heredity is therefore biparental.  Essentially, for each gene inherited from one’s mother, a corresponding gene is inherited from one’s father.  Corresponding genes are no always identical, for by rare but permanent changes know as mutations existing genes give rise to dew kinds.  Should the two genes forming a pair happened to be different (a condition called “heterozygous”), then one gene, known as the dominant, may determined the specific trait concerned; the other gene, known as the recessive, is then masked, although it will still be transmitted to succeeding generations without ant alteration.  Thus a person who has a pair of genes (Bb), one for brown eye-color (B) and the other for blue (d), will have brown eyes, and the presence of the gene for blue eye-color may be quite unsuspected.  One can have blue eyes only by inheriting two genes for blue eye-color, one from each parent. (Such a person, with both genes in the pair alike, is said to be “homozygous.”) Dominance is not always the rule, and in some cases one can see the effects of both genes comprising a pair.  For example, a pair of genes, one of which produces blood type A and the other blood type B, each person’s genes are probably recessive, and most of these will be heterozygous and as a consequence unobservable.  The significance of this for eugenics is unmistakable:  a considerable proportion of the genes in any person, and therefore in the entire population, are hidden, and to that extent the measures of eugenics must be applied blindly.
     Many characteristics are determined of affected by more than one pair of genes--intelligence, for example.  In such a case it is a particular combination of dominant genes (belonging to different pairs), perhaps together with some homozygous recessive genes, that determines the nature of the character.  These combinations, however, are very rarely inherited in toto, the reason being that a person does not inherit all the genes of his parents, but only half of those of each parent--specifically, one gene from each pair of the parent’s genes.  Pure chance determines which of the two genes of a pair will be chosen.  Genes located on different pairs of chromosomes are assorted at random, and even those on the same pair of chromosomes can enter into recombinations to a certain extent.  The more genes there are, then, in the combination will be transmitted to the next generation intact.  Nearly all combinations are broken up as the germ cells become mature, and then new combinations of biparental origin are formed when egg and sperm cell unite.  The importance to eugenics of this reassortment and recombination of genes in heredity can hardly be overemphasized, inasmuch as most of the human genes, the combinations of which cannot be preserved, whether good or bad.  Moreover, a particular gene which in most combinations has an adverse effect may, in just the right combinations, produce a desirable effect; and conversely, a particular gene that in most combinations has a favorable effect may get into a bad combination.  We can scarcely estimate the absolute, over-all effect of a gene; we must judge it by the company it keeps.
     Galton was the first person to try to assess the relative powers of heredity and environment in determining a person’s characteristics.  His investigations of the familial occurrence of genius and of special talents convinced him that “the  power of nature was far stronger than the power of nurture, when the nurtures of the persons being compared were not exceedingly different . . . [i.e.,] when the differences of nurture do not exceed what is commonly to be found among persons of the same rank of society and in the same country.”  Later studies have largely confirmed this judgment.  In particular, studies of monozygotic, or so-called “identical,” twins, who develop from a single fertilized ovum and who therefore share an identical heredity, indicate that even when the twins are separated from early infancy, they remain astonishingly similar.  This similarity is greatest in physical traits, such as eye color, hair color, blood types, baldness, or the possession of other distinctive features, all of which remain virtually identical in the co-twins.  There is a a somewhat greater resemblance in height than in weight, yet in both these respects the correlation is nearly complete.  There is remarkable similarity in length of life.  Insusceptibility to diseases, such as cancer or appendicitis, and especially in the tendency to develop the same defects of metabolism, such as diabetes or allergy, the twins also are markedly alike.  Adult one-egg twins, few of whom were living together at the time, have been found to agree in the occurrence of tuberculosis in 87 per cent of the pairs of twins.  But ordinary dizygotic twins, who come form two different eggs fertilized separately, and who therefore stand midway between monozygotic twins and unrelated persons in the proportion of genes they share, showed a concordance of only 26 per cent; and husbands and wives, as examples of unrelated persons living together and sharing the same environment, showed a concordance of only 7 per cent.  The correlation of I.!. (intelligence quotient) for one-egg twins reared apart is no higher than that of two-egg twins of the same sex reared together.  This means that a similar environment has about the same effect in making the I.Q.’s alike as does the genetic difference between the two-eggs twins and the identical twins.  Among twenty pairs of one-egg twins reared apart, ten pairs did not differ significantly; six pairs differed by 7 to 12 I.Q. points, and four pairs by 15 to 24 pants.  The biggest difference here is about equal to a full grade in the distribution:  idiot--insanity--moron--low--average--superior--very superior--genius.  That difference occurred in a pairs of twins who differed by more that thirteen years of education; and no big difference was found between twins reared apart except where the difference in years of schooling or in the cultural level of the homes was very marked.  A big difference of educational and cultural environment does not, however, guarantee a corresponding difference between the I.Q.’s of the twins.  In one pair the difference in schooling amounted to ten years, plus four years of musical training--but the difference in I.Q. was only 12 points.  One may conclude that certain hereditary types are much more amenable that others to modification of the intelligence by the environment.
     With respect to the commoner mental diseases there is somewhat more variability between one-egg twins.  For schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and epilepsy the concordance of one-egg twins is about 68 per cent in each case; whereas for two-egg twins it is about 15 per cent.  A consideration of epilepsy is particularly instructive, because it has been found that one-egg twins it is about 15 per cent.  A consideration of epilepsy is particularly instructive, because it has been found that one-egg twins, one of whom is epileptic, are always alike in possessing the same sort of abnormal electrical brain waves.  Inheritance of the abnormal brain waves is dominant and depends upon a single gene; but the epileptic seizers, although restricted to persons with such brain waves, must depend upon unknown environmental factors as well.  This is an example of a gene with one of the most important factors in determining the effectiveness of eugenic measures, for in certain individuals it the presence of the gene.
     Even in regard to social traits and personality, the one-egg twins show a far greater degree of similarity that two-egg twins of the same sex.  Five studies of criminality in twins have been made, with consistent results.  Ina total of 104 pairs of one-egg twins and 113 pairs of two-egg twins, the concordance for the former amounted to 67 per cent, for the latter to 33 per cent.  Such data do not mean, of course, that criminality, insanity, intelligence, or the like, are inherited as such, in a fixed, unalterable way.  There is ample warrant, in all these studies, for concluding that past experience and present environment can suppress, diminish, or enhance the expression of such characteristics.  But the investigations made on twins do show that similar hereditary natures generally provided the individuals are not subjected to radical differences in their environments.  This was Galton’s original conclusion.  However, it is clearly necessary to define the term “radical.”
     A pair of blond one-egg twins may be temporarily separated, one kept indoors, the other sent for a vacation at the beach.  In a few weeks one is sunburned and very much darker than his twin.  This does not mean that environment determines complexion and that heredity has nothing to do with it.  It means that for blond persons the amount of sunlight can constitute a “radical” difference in environment.  Tet not all characteristics are affected by this “radical” difference of environment--only the complexion and such other traits as might be modified by light, for example, those that would be affected be a temporary change int he amount of vitamin D produced by the body.  Only by careful experimentation can it be determined whether a specific difference in environment can affect a characteristic or not, and it must be determined separately for each characteristic.  The effects of the environment a re inextricably interwoven in a person’s characteristics with that effects for the genes.
     The primary concern of eugenics is with the frequency in the population of certain characteristics and of the specific genes that help to determine them.  The study of evolutionary processes has made it clear that gene frequencies are changed by four principal factors: (1) mutation; (2) selection, natural or artificial; (3) chance; and (4) isolation or, conversely, migration.  Other factors, such as the size of the population and the character of breeding, whether random or assortative, do not affect gene frequencies directly but have an important indirect influence by modifying the four chief factors.  It has been calculated, for example, that in a population breeding quite at random with respect to the characteristics under consideration, the gene frequencies will remain in equilibrium, unchanged from generation to generation which is the Hardy [Weinberg principle.  In other words. the hereditary nature of the species, the make-up of the population, will change only if some factor upses the equilibrium and favors one gene over another.
     By mutation new sorts of genes come into existence, and without this there could be no long-continued process of evolutionary change, whether eugenic or otherwise.  Mutations of a specific gene normally occur only very rarely.  The mutation rates for several human genes have been estimated, and their average is about one in 50,000 per generation; that is, to take a specific example, in a population of 50,000 persons on person has a gene for hemophilia which was not inherited from either parent, but instead arose by mutation from a corresponding gene for normal blood clotting.  It follows that, unless one could somehow prevent mutation, no measures can be successful in eradication a gene from the population.  At nest, its frequency can be reduced to the levels of its rate mutation at a gene frequency of 1 in 50,000.
     The frequency of mutation can be tremendously increased by X rays or other ionizing radiations that penetrate to the genes  int he reproductive cells, by ultraviolet radiation, by heat, and by certain chemicals, such as mustard gas.  It is therefore possible at the present time to produce vastly greater stores of new hereditary material upon which selection may be exercised, and this method may indeed help mankind to produce new forms of plants and animals more rapidly.  For eugenics, this tool is too potent, since the vast majority of all mutations produce harmful consequences, and hardly one in 500 or 1,000 improves its possessor’s characteristics until in the course of generations they become homozygous, nevertheless we must avoid filling the human germ-plasm with an overload of harmful genes.  Several lines of evidence make it likely that nearly everyone even now possesses at least one recessive lethal gene, that is, gene so harmful that were it homozygous it would destroy the life of its possessor at some stage during development.  Other detrimental genes are probably at least thee times as numerous as the lethal genes.  These genes can persist int the population because they are hidden.  Each kind is prevented from becoming more common because of natural selection.
     Natural selection works through differential viability or fertility; That is, possessors of certain inherited characteristics may less often that normal reach maturity and have an opportunity to reduce offspring; or they may, although mature, produce fewer offspring than normal because of celibacy or sterility.  In either case, the responsible genes are diminished in frequency in the next generation.  A lot of desirable genes are lost each time, too, for selection can act only on individuals, that is to say, on entire combinations of genes.  It cannot pick out the solitary gene that is chief offender.  The reassortment and recombination of genes in sexual reproduction constitute the saving factor here, and render it unlikely that the same unoffending genes will be lost each time a particular sore of detrimental gene is eliminated.
     The rapidity with which the frequency of a gene can be reduced by selection depends upon the percentage of carriers who manifest the effects of that gene.  A full dominate, for example, with a fitness only half normal (i.e., being passed on to the next generation only half as often as it would be if normal), would in twenty generations, or about five hundred tears, be reduced to one millionth of its original frequency.  It would almost certainly reach the level where it would be maintained by fresh mutation before this.  As a consequence, any particular harmful dominant trait is already, because of natural selection, very rare.  It is of no eugenic consequence to try to deal with them.  A lowered penetrance, however, will slow up the elimination of a dominant gene, and so too will lateness of expression in life.  Huntington’s chorea, for example, is the result of a simple dominant gene  It must be regarded as a very unfortunate nervous affliction, yet because the average age of onset is thirty-five years, viability and fertility do not appear to be affected by it at all.  On the other hand, a recessive with a fitness of one half would in twenty generations be reduced in gene frequency only by about 40 per cent.  What is more, the amount of reduction declines in each succeeding generation, as an ever larger proportion of possessors becomes heterozygous.  The frequency of a common recessive gene might therefore be reduced very quickly; but the reduction in frequency of a gene already rare is almost imperceptible.  Now, because natural selection has already been at work for ages past, no gene very detrimental or harmful gene is already rare in frequency and maintained in equilibrium between mutation and selection.  Sex-linked recessives such as hemophilia fall in this respect between simple dominate genes and ordinary recessive genes.  The combinations of genes which determine complex traits such as intelligence are even more slowly affected by selection.
     Chance changes in gene frequencies and also the effects of isolation are not of as great eugenic significance in modern times as formerly, for they are marked detrimental gene may become established by chance, or a beneficial gene be eliminated.  Also, in a small population those who marry.  This inbreeding does not of itself change the open by increasing the proportion of homozygous persons, and that allows selection to be exercised upon them. If a line is free of harmful recessive genes, then inbreeding will do no harm;  Cleopatra, for example, came of a number of genes, so that the effect of inbreeding is in general to increase the number of afflicted persons in the population.  Selection can then exert a greater pressure on the relevant gene frequency.  Actually, since medieval times, the trend has been merging to make large ones, and migrations of tremendous magnitude have produced human milting pots the world around.  This has had the effect of reducing a greater proportion of the recessive genes to the heterozygous condition.  They have disappeared from view and from exposure to selection, and can now increase under cover to a much higher frequency, until such time as by random mating homozygous persons are produced and selection again becomes active.  THis may take thousand or tens of thousands of years.  Meanwhile, it is important to realized what a disastrous increase in the proportion of hereditarily afflicted persons would result if our present populations ere for any reason--say, as the aftermath of another world war--to be broken up again into small units.
     By surrounding itself with a social environment, mankind has unwittingly modified the rigor of natural selection int many respects.  The price we must pay, in the end, for the mercies of medical care and surgical aid is the dysgenic increase in the frequencies of certain detrimental genes the effects of which we have learned how to ameliorate.  Thousands upon thousands of diabetics who in a former day would have died early in life are now saved by insulin to live relatively normal lives, and or course, to pass on the genes responsible for their diabetes to their descendants.  Myopia is no longer a grave handicap in life; hearing aids alleviate certain types of deafness.  Probably no one would have it otherwise.  Yet the vision of a future population composed extensively of persons who have to wear both glasses and hearing aids, and must start the day by inserting false teeth and taking an insulin injection, in none too pleasant.  To say the least, medical science is steadily increasing to load it must carry.
     Another instance of the unconscious direction of human evolution lies in the differential reproduction of economic and cultural groups.  The differential reproduction of the several races may by ignored here, for there is no valid evidence that the known hereditary differences between them alter viability or fertility, or affect any eugenic desideratum, such as intelligence,  There is little doubt that there is some cultural levels, in such countries as Great Britain and the United States.  It is also well established that in the same countries the reproductive rate varies inversely with income.  The result, theoretically, must be a decrease in frequency of these genes contributing to high intelligence, although the decrease might be slow.  A tentative estimate by a British psychologist, Sir Cyril Burt, puts the decline in England at 1.5 or 2 IQ points per generation, which, if real, will in time have effects too grave to be ignored.
     Eugenic Practices.  The various measures of negative and positive eugenics may now be considered.  The former comprise four methods, all of which are actually in operation in certain states or countries.
     Segregation.  That most widely used is the the segregation of males and females in separate institutions, such as prisons, mental hospitals, or other “homes.”  To the extent to which it can be applied, this measure is very effective in preventing propagation.  However, most social institutions of these kinds are today regarded as having a curative function rather that one of permanent incarceration and care; so that eventually a large proportion of the inmates of these institutions are released and are again at liberty to reproduce.  To take care of the feebleminded alone in such institutions would moreover require an enormous increase in the humber of institutions and amount of care beyond what is at present available, since it is estimated that about 2 per cent of the population, or about 3,600,000 persons in the United States are feebleminded.
     Sterilization.  A second method is that of sterilization. This is also highly effective for the purpose, but has the drawback that no way of producing only temporary sterilization has been discovered.  The surgical methods consist of ligating or cutting the sexual ducts, either oviducts or vasa deferentia.  The methods thus prevents reproduction without interfering with the hormonal secretions of the ovaries or testes and so causing changes in the sexual characteristics and emotions, as does castration.  In the United States, twenty-eight states have laws for the sterilization of the hopelessly insane or the feebleminded, but application varies greatly.  Twelve states (California, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Virginia, and Wisconsin) have a record of more than 1,000 sterilizations each, California being far in the lead with 20,041.  The total (through Dec. 31, 1960) amounts to 62,162, of whom about half were mentally ill and half mentally deficient.  (Statistics provided by the Human Betterment Association of America, Inc.)  It is estimated that by sterilization and segregation the amount of mental defect and disease could be reduced perhaps 15 per cent, or from 2 per cent of the population to 1.7 per cent.