Perhaps most disturbing of all was the fact that the extent of experimentation on human subjects was unknown. The records of all these activities were destroyed in January 1973, at the instruction of then CIA Director Richard Helms. In spite of persistent inquiries by both the Health Subcommittee and the Intelligence Committee, no additional records or information were forthcoming. And no oneno single individual — could be found who remembered the details, not the Director of the CIA, who ordered the documents destroyed, not the official responsible for the program, nor any of his associates. We believed that the record, incomplete as it was, was as complete as it was going to be. Then one individual, through a Freedom of Information request, accomplished what two U.S. Senate committees could not. He spurred the agency into finding additional records pertaining to the CIA's program of experimentation with human subjects. These new records were discovered by the agency in March. Their existence was not made known to the Congress until July.

THE CIA'S PROGRAM OF RESEARCH IN BEHAVIORAL MODIFICATION

Wednesday, August 3, 1977 U.S. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, and Subcommittee on Health & Scientific Research of the Committee on Human Resources

Following is an excerpt of an opening statement from Sen. Edward Kennedy (D-Mass.).

Senator KENNEDY. Thank you very much, Mr. Chairman. We are delighted to join together in this very important area of public inquiry and public interest.

Some 2 years ago, the Senate Health Subcommittee heard chilling testimony about the human experimentation activities of the Central Intelligence Agency. The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over 30 universities and institutions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to "unwitting subjects in social situations."

At least one death, that of Dr. Olsen, resulted from these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers. The test subjects were seldom accessible beyond the first hours of the test. In a number of instances, the test subject became ill for hours or days, and effective followup was impossible. Other experiments were equally offensive. For example, heroin addicts were enticed into participating in LSD experiments in order to get a reward-heroin.

Perhaps most disturbing of all was the fact that the extent of experimentation on human subjects was unknown. The records of all these activities were destroyed in January 1973, at the instruction of then CIA Director Richard Helms. In spite of persistent inquiries by both the Health Subcommittee and the Intelligence Committee, no additional records or information were forthcoming. And no oneno single individual — could be found who remembered the details, not the Director of the CIA, who ordered the documents destroyed, not the official responsible for the program, nor any of his associates.

We believed that the record, incomplete as it was, was as complete as it was going to be. Then one individual, through a Freedom of Information request, accomplished what two U.S. Senate committees could not. He spurred the agency into finding additional records pertaining to the CIA's program of experimentation with human subjects. These new records were discovered by the agency in March. Their existence was not made known to the Congress until July.

The records reveal a far more extensive series of experiments than had previously been thought. Eighty-six universities or institutions were involved. NeV instances of unethical behavior were revealed.

The intelligence community of this Nation, which requires a shroud of secrecy in order to operate, has a very sacred trust from the American people. The CIA's program of human experimentation of the fifties and sixties violated that trust. It was violated again on the day the bulk of the agency's records were destroyed in 1973. It is violated each time a responsible official refuses to recollect the details of the program. The best safeguard against abuses in the future is a complete public accounting of the abuses of the past.

I think this is illustrated, as Chairman Inouye pointed out. These are issues, are questions that happened in the fifties and sixties, and go back some 15, 20 years ago, but they are front page news today, as we see in the major newspapers and on the television and in the media of this country; and the reason they are, I think, is because it just continuously begins to trickle out. sort of, month after month, and the best way to put this period behind us, obviously, is to have the full information, and I think that is the desire of Admiral Turner and of the members of this committee.

The Central Intelligence Agency drugged American citizens without their knowledge or consent. It used university facilities and personnel without their knowledge. It funded leading researchers, often without their knowledge.

These institutes, these individuals, have a right to know who they are and how and when they were used. As of today, the Agency itself refuses to declassify the names of those institutions and individuals, quite appropriately, I might say, with regard to the individuals under the Privacy Act. It seems to me to be a fundamental responsibility to notify those individuals or institutions, rather. I think many of them were caught up in an unwitting manner to do research for the Agency. Many researchers, distinguished researchers, some of our most outstanding members of our scientific community, involved in this network, now really do not know whether they were involved or not, and it seems to me that the whole health and climate in terms of our university and our scientific and health facilities are entitled to that response.

So, I intend to do all I can to persuade the Agency to, at the very least, officially inform those institutions and individuals involved.

Two years ago, when these abuses were first revealed, I introduced legislation, with Senator Schweiker and Senator Javits, designed to minimize the potential for any similar abuses in the future. That legislation expanded the jurisdiction of the National Commission on Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research to cover all federally funded research involving human subjects. The research initially was just directed toward HEW activities, but this legislation covered DOD as well as the CIA.

This Nation has a biomedical and behavioral research capability second to none. It has had for subjects of HEW funded research for the past 3 years a system for the protection of human subjects of biomedical and behavioral research second to none, and the Human Experimentation Commission has proven its value. Today's hearings and the record already established underscore the need to expand its jurisdiction.

The CIA supported that legislation in 1975, and it passed the Senate unanimously last year. I believe it is needed in order to assure all our people that they will have the degree of protection in.human experimentation that they deserve and have every right to expect.

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Which Manchurian Candidate Project was that?

On August 31, 1869, Mary Ward became the first recorded victim of an automobile accident. Thirty years later, on September 13, 1899, Henry Bliss became North America’s first motor vehicle fatality when hit while stepping off a New York City Trolley. Since then, over 20 million people worldwide have died due to motor vehicle accidents. The need for means of analyzing and mitigating the effects of motor vehicle accident on humans was felt soon after commercial production of automobiles began in the late 1890’s, and by the 1930’s when the automobile became a part of daily life and the number of motor vehicle deaths were rising to increasingly large percentages of the total number of miles driven by motor vehicles. Death rates had surpassed 15.6 fatalities per 100 million vehicle-miles, and were continuing to climb. As of the late 1950’s car manufactures were on public record as saying that vehicle accidents simply could not be made survivable because the forces in a crash were too great. Detroit’s Wayne State University began a massive research effort to hopefully determine accurate data on the effects of high speed collisions on the human body, however there was little progress and no tools existed to make the required measurements involving mechanical force, mass, velocity and acceleration. Biomechanics was barely in its infancy. It was therefore necessary to employ two types of test subjects in order to develop initial data sets. The first test subjects were dead human bodies (cadavers). They were used to obtain fundamental information about the human body’s ability to withstand the crushing and tearing forces typically experienced in a high-speed accident. To such an end, steel ball bearings were dropped on skulls, and bodies were dumped down unused elevator shafts onto steel plates. Cadavers fitted with crude accelerometers were strapped onto automobiles and subjected to head-on collisions and vehicle rollovers. Albert King’s Journal of Trauma article, “Humanitarian Benefits of Cadaver Research on Injury Prevention”, clearly states the value in human lives saved as a result of cadaver research. King’s calculations indicate that as a result of design changes implemented up to 1987, cadaver research since saved 8,500 lives annually. He noted that for every cadaver used, each year 61 people survive due to wearing seat belts, 147 lives are saved due to air bags, and 68 lives are saved that withstood windshield impacts. However, work with cadavers presented almost as many problems as it resolved. Not only were there moral and ethical issues related to working with the dead, but there were also research concerns. The majority of cadavers used in research experiments were older white adults, and since there were legal issues and public opinion opposed to conducting research experiments with child cadavers, the data from experiments was largely inaccurate and skewed. And since that this was the case, in the year 1987 the U.S. government and the C.I.A. used a genetically modified human being (at the age of 10) to make the proper mechanical calculation when a car made impact with him in Washington D.C. metropolitan region. Automobile manufactures could now design and build airbag safety systems that were near perfect as a result of this test conducted carried out by the C.I.A.