Goodbye to the ideas of: psychotropic drug warfare, control of population, and modern forms of Eugenics practices

APPLIED EUGENICS BY PAUL POPENOE EDITOR OF THE JOURNAL OF HEREDITY (ORGAN OF THE AMERICAN GENETIC ASSOCIATION), WASHINGTON, D. C. AND ROSWELL HILL JOHNSON PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURG THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK . BOSTON . CHICAGO . DALLAS ATLANTA - SAN FRANCISCO MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON . BOMBAY . CALCUTTA MELBOURNE THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO 1918 _All rights reserved_ COPYRIGHT, 1918, BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY Set up and electrotyped. Published October, 1918. PREFACE The science of eugenics consists of a foundation of biology and a superstructure of sociology. Galton, its founder, emphasized both parts in due proportion. Until recently, however, most sociologists have been either indifferent or hostile to eugenics, and the science has been left for the most part in the hands of biologists, who have naturally worked most on the foundations and neglected the superstructure. Although we are not disposed to minimize the importance of the biological part, we think it desirable that the means of applying the biological principles should be more carefully studied. The reader of this book will, consequently, find only a summary explanation of the mechanism of inheritance. Emphasis has rather been laid on the practical means by which society may encourage the reproduction of superior persons and discourage that of inferiors. We assume that in general, a eugenically superior or desirable person has, to a greater degree than the average, the germinal basis for the following characteristics: to live past maturity, to reproduce adequately, to live happily and to make contributions to the productivity, happiness, and progress of society. It is desirable to discriminate as much as possible between the possession of the germinal basis and the observed achievement, since the latter consists of the former plus or minus environmental influence. But where the amount of modification is too obscure to be detected, it is advantageous to take the demonstrated achievement as a tentative measure of the germinal basis. The problem of eugenics is to make such legal, social and economic adjustments that (1) a larger proportion of superior persons will have children than at present, (2) that the average number of offspring of each superior person will be greater than at present, (3) that the most inferior persons will have no children, and finally that (4) other inferior persons will have fewer children than now. The science of eugenics is still young and much of its program must be tentative and subject to the test of actual experiment. It is more important that the student acquire the habit of looking at society from a biological as well as a sociological point of view, than that he put his faith in the efficacy of any particular mode of procedure. The essential points of our eugenics program were laid down by Professor Johnson in an article entitled "Human Evolution and its Control" in the _Popular Science Monthly_ for January, 1910. Considerable parts of the material in the present book have appeared in the _Journal of Heredity_. Helpful suggestions and criticism have been received from several friends, in particular Sewall Wright and O. E. Baker of the United States Department of Agriculture. PAUL POPENOE. WASHINGTON, _June, 1918._ TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE PREFACE v INTRODUCTION BY EDWARD A. ROSS xi CHAPTER I. NATURE OR NURTURE? 1 II. MODIFICATION OF THE GERM-PLASM 25 III. DIFFERENCES AMONG MEN 75 IV. THE INHERITANCE OF MENTAL CAPACITIES 84 V. THE LAWS OF HEREDITY 99 VI. NATURAL SELECTION 116 VII. ORIGIN AND GROWTH OF THE EUGENICS MOVEMENT 147 VIII. DESIRABILITY OF RESTRICTIVE EUGENICS 167 IX. THE DYSGENIC CLASSES 176 X. METHODS OF RESTRICTION 184 XI. THE IMPROVEMENT OF SEXUAL SELECTION 211 XII. INCREASING THE MARRIAGE RATE OF THE SUPERIOR 237 XIII. INCREASE OF THE BIRTH-RATE OF THE SUPERIOR 255 XIV. THE COLOR LINE 280 XV. IMMIGRATION 298 XVI. WAR 318 XVII. GENEALOGY AND EUGENICS 329 XVIII. THE EUGENIC ASPECT OF SOME SPECIFIC REFORMS 352 TAXATION 352 BACK TO THE FARM MOVEMENT 355 DEMOCRACY 360 SOCIALISM 362 CHILD LABOR 368 COMPULSORY EDUCATION 369 VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND TRAINING 371 MINIMUM WAGE 374 MOTHER'S PENSIONS 375 HOUSING 376 FEMINISM 378 OLD AGE PENSIONS 384 SEX HYGIENE MOVEMENT 385 TRADES UNIONISM 388 PROHIBITION 389 PEDAGOGICAL CELIBACY 390 XIX. RELIGION AND EUGENICS 393 XX. EUGENICS AND EUTHENICS 402 APPENDIX A. OVARIAN TRANSPLANTATION 419 " B. DYNAMIC EVOLUTION 421 " C. THE "MELTING POT" 424 " D. THE ESSENCE OF MENDELISM 429 " E. USEFUL WORKS OF REFERENCE 436 " F. GLOSSARY 437 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURE PAGE 1. Four Baby Girls at Once 6 2. The Effect of Nurture in Changing Nature 10 3. Height in Corn and Men 12 4. Why Men Grow Short or Tall 14 5. Bound Foot of a Chinese Woman 42 6. Defective Little Toe of a Prehistoric Egyptian 42 7. Effect of Lead as a "Racial Poison" 63 8. Distribution of 10-Year-Old School Children 76 9. Variation in Ability 77 10. Origin of a Normal Probability Curve 78 11. The "Chance" or "Probability" Form of Distribution 79 12. Probability Curve with Increased Number of Steps 80 13. Normal Variability Curve Following Law of Chance 80 14. Cadets Arranged to Show Normal Curve of Variability 82 15. Variation in Heights of Recruits to the American Army 82 16. How Do You Clasp Your Hands? 100 17. The Effect of Orthodactyly 102 18. A Family with Orthodactyly 102 19. White Blaze in the Hair 104 20. A Family of Spotted Negroes 104 21. A Human Finger-Tip 106 22. The Limits of Hereditary Control 106 23. The Distribution of Intelligence 106 24. The Twins whose Finger-Prints are Shown in Fig. 25 108 25. Finger-Prints of Twins 110 26. A Home of the "Hickory" Family 168 27. A Chieftain of the Hickory Clan 170 28. Two Juke Homes of the Present Day 172 29. Mongolian Deficiency 174 30. Feeble-Minded Men are Capable of Much Rough Labor 192 31. Feeble-Minded at a Vineland Colony 192 32. How Beauty Aids a Girl's Chance of Marriage 215 33. Intelligent Girls are Most Likely to Marry 216 34. Years Between Graduation and Marriage 217 35. The Effect of Late Marriages 218 36. Wellesley Graduates and Non-Graduates 242 37. Birth Rate of Harvard and Yale Graduates 266 38. Families of Prominent Methodists 263 39. Examining Immigrants at Ellis Island, New York, 303 40. Line of Ascent that Carries the Family Name 331 41. The Small Value of a Famous, but Remote, Ancestor 338 42. History of 100 Babies 344 43. Adult Morality 345 44. Influence of Mother's Age 347 45. The "Mean Man" of the Old White American Stock 425 46. The Carriers of Heredity 431