954 JESSICA E. NOTEBAERT [Vol. 103 The primary effect of adding § 2423(c) was to remove one of the greatest barriers to enforcement of § 2423(b)—the requirement that prosecutors prove that mens rea existed prior to travel.30  Under the precursor to § 2423(c)—the pre-2003 version of § 2423(b)31—a prosecutor had to prove that a defendant formed the intent to engage in illicit sexual activity prior to his travel in interstate or foreign commerce.32 The PROTECT Act eliminated this intent requirement.33  The conference report regarding the Act stated, “Current law requires the government to prove that the defendant traveled with the intent to engage in the illegal activity.  Under [§ 2423(c)], the government would only have to prove that the defendant engaged in illicit sexual conduct with a minor while in a foreign country.”34  In other words, a defendant could be prosecuted for traveling to a foreign country and engaging in illicit sex in violation of § 2423(c), even if he had no preconceived intent to do so.35  Thus, the elements that prosecutors now need to prove under § 2423(c) are: (1) that the defendant is either a U.S. citizen or an alien admitted to the United States for permanent residence; (2) that the defendant traveled in foreign commerce; and (3) that while the defendant was in the foreign place, he engaged in illicit sexual conduct with another person.36 30Congress first attempted to eliminate the need for prosecutors to prove the intent element in sex tourism cases in the Sex Tourism Prohibition Improvement Act (STPIA), which was proposed, but not passed, in 2002.  Clark, 435 F.3d. at 1104 (citing H.R. REP. NO. 107-525, at 2–3 (2002)).  The STPIA would have added a statute to the books that criminalized illicit sexual activities while abroad, regardless of whether the defendant had formed the intent to do so prior to traveling overseas.  H.R. REP. NO. 107-525, at 2–3 (2002).  Although the STPIA failed, the PROTECT Act, proposed just a year later, adopted its language nearly verbatim in § 2423(c).  Compare id. at 2–3, with H.R. REP. NO. 108-66, at 5 (2003) (Conf. Rep.). 31PROTECT Act, sec. 105(a), § 2423, 117 Stat. at 653–54 (describing the changes to the existing statute). 3218 U.S.C. § 2423(b) (2000) (amended 2003). 3318 U.S.C. § 2423(c) (2006). 34H.R. REP. NO. 108-66, at 51 (2003) (Conf. Rep.); see also United States v. Martinez, 599 F. Supp. 2d 784, 803 (W.D. Tex. 2009). 35Id. 36See, e.g., Pattern Criminal Jury Instructions of the Seventh Circuit 635 (2012) [hereinafter 7th Cir. PJI]; Pattern Criminal Jury Instructions 11th Cir. § 93.3 (2010) [hereinafter 11th Cir. PJI].  “To ‘travel in foreign commerce’ means that the defendant moved from a place within the United States to a place outside the United States.”  11th Cir. PJI, supra, § 93.3.  “[I]llicit sexual conduct” means: (1) “causing a person under 18 years of age to engage in a sexual act by using force or placing that person in fear that any person will be subjected to death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping”; (2) “a sexual act with a person under 18 years of age after rendering that person unconscious or administering a drug, intoxicant, or other substance that substantially impairs a person”; (3) “a sexual act with a person who is under 16 years of age and is at least four years younger than the defendant”; or (4) “a commercial sex act with a person Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,thousands,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,ILLUMINATI,illuminetai,illuminati,a,name,given,by,the,Ante,Nicene,Church,Fathers,to,those,who,submitted,to,Christian,baptism,Greek,phi,omega,tau,os,illumination,They,were,called,Illuminati,,phi,omega,tau,os,of,illuminated,ones,on,the,assumption,that,those,who,were,instructed,for,baptism,in,the,Apostolic,faith,had,received,the,grace,of,illumination,in,an,enlightened,understanding,Clement,of,Alexandria,speaks,thus,of,such,baptismal,light,This,is,the,one,grace,of,illumination,that,our,characters,are,not,the,same,as,before,our,washing.,And,since,knowledge,springs,up,with,illumination,shedding,its,beams,around,the,mind,the,moment,we,hear,we,who,were,untaught,become,disciples,This,work,is,called,illumination,by,which,that,holy,light,of,salvation,is,beheld,that,is,by,which,we,see,God,clearly,,Among,the,societies,subsequently,adoption,the,name,century,and,appearing,in,France,as,the,Guerinets,during,the,period,by,a,secret,society,founded,by,Adam,Weishaupt,professor,of,canon,law,at,Ingolstadt,on,May,the,early,were,the,sixteenth,religion,with,,rationalism,,Frederick,Bronkema,,combating,Alumbrados,the ,Alombrados,a,mystical,existing,in,Spain,or,sect,1,1776,the,aim,fostering,a‚illuminati