Neuromessengers Neuromessengers is a generic term that includes neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and nuerohormones. The term neurotransmitter, however, is also commonly used to mean any type of chemical interneuronal message. More specifically, however, neurotransmitters are the classical presynaptic neuron upon stimulation, diffuse across the synaptic cleft, and have either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on a postsynaptic neuron. Neuromodulators also bind to specific receptors, but are conceptualized as tuning or grading the response of the postsynaptic cell to the neurotransmitter. It obviously is somewhat arbitrary and artificial to describe how much tuning is merely modulation as opposed to actual transmission. Neurohormones are chemical messenger that are released by neurons into the bloodstream, rather than into the synaptic cleft or extraneuronal space. The differentiation of these three different neuromessenger types is usually less clear in actuality. Furthermore, any specific synaptic or neuronal system under consideration.

CHAPTER 1 NEURAL SCIENCE 

Mark Ralph Rowe

San Diego, California (Golden Hills) 92102

11/17/2013

1.1

INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

JACK A. GREBB, M.D.

neurosciences are fundamentally important to the clinical specialties of psychiatry,  neurology, and neurosurgery because they explore the biology of neuronal tissues.  Two sub-specialty areas within psychiatry--neuropsychiatry and biological psychiatry--have particularly endeavored to integrate neuroscientific information with clinical psychiatry.  It is unfortunate in some respects that these subspecialty concepts have evolved, since an appreciation for the basic neurosciences should infuse the clinical approaches of all professionals working with the mentally ill.

MISLEADING DICHOTOMIES  There is a common tendency to divide and distinguish phenomena, even in the absence of adequate data.  This tendency has had unfortunate consequences for the mentally ill.  In recent history, people inflicted with diseases that were not understood (e.g., tuberculosis, cancer) have been ostracized from society.  Once the conditions were understood as medical diseases, these outcasts entered the relative comfort of a medical model for their afflictions.  Patients with  mental illnesses are currently caught in a transitional phase in this process.  The general  acceptance of mental illness as a disease of the brain is currently hindered by at least five misleading dichotomies.

Neurology vs. psychiatry  The clinical distinction between neurology and psychiatry is increasingly appreciated as awkward and artificial  (Chapter 2).  Neurology has traditionally focused on organic disorders with identifiable pathology, whereas psychiatry has focused on functional disorders without observable pathology.  Regardless of intentions, the implication in that neurological disorders are real diseases, whereas psychiatric disorders are not.  Functional, in this context, actually means that the organic pathophysiological basis has not been discovered yet--not that one does not exist.  A better term for functional might be idiopathic.

The mind-brain; dichotomy; The mind and the brain share the same organ.  Mind is what is called the personal experience of the brain or perhaps the experienced of change in the brain.  How can the complexity of the mind be explained by the brain?  First, the brain is undoubtedly more complex than is currently known; second perhaps minds are not as complex as generally thought.

Nature vs. nurture  There is no contest: nature is nurtured, and nurture has a nature.  Nature and nurture are mutually interacting systems.  It has been shown clearly that the environment (i.e., nurture) can affect biology at very basic molecular levels (e.g. branching of dendrites, activity of enzymes).  Nurture itself can be seen as a reciprocal biological event.  Human beings affect one another, and there exist biological changes paralleled to the subjective experiences.

Structure vs. function  All mental activities (behavior, thoughts, feelings) are paired with biological events in the brain.  The techniques of basic neuroscience can potentially identify the structural correlates of mental activity at the level of genes and other molecules.  The division between structure and function rest solely on which biological level is arbitrarily chosen as a cutoff point.  A more accurate approach is to accept that each biological disorder, including mental illness, has a structural pathology at some level or assortment of levels, and that this structural abnormality is reflected as a disorder of function or regulation.

Biology vs. psychology  This dichotomy is both a derivative of the mind-brain issue and an unfortunate offshoot of debates within the field of psychiatry.  Biology, psychology, empirical observations.  The level and descriptive lexicon used to describe behavioral phenomena can be varied.  Ina particular situation, one model might be more enlightening or clinically appropriated than another. 

OVERVIEW OF NEURAL SCIENCES

The aim of this 15-section neural sciences chapter is to provide a brief introduction to the basic science principles that underlie that many biological theories, organic therapies, and research findings discussed in the chapters on specific clinical disorders.  Therefore, the sections within this chapter do not systematically review the relationships between their topics and relevant clinical disorders.  Therefore, the sections within this chapter do not systematically review the relationships between their topics and relevant clinical disorders.  Rather, this chapter can either be read as an introduction to basic biological principles or used as a reference when reading about biological material in subsequent chapters.

NEUROANATOMY  Classical neuroanatomy (Section 1.2) describes regions and connections in the brain based primarily on observations from gross neuroanatomy.  Functional neuroanatomy (Section 1.3) is based more on data from studies defining the distribution of specific molecules (e.g., neurotransmitters) and from studies using advanced histochemical techniques that have defined more clearly the projection patterns of neuronal populations.  Functional neuroanatomy is possibly more relevant to psychiatric disorders than is classical neuroanatomy are slowly eclipsing some of the previous tenets of classical neuroanatomy.

Neurons  The neuron, or nerve cell, is the basic functional unit of the nervous system.  Neurons vary widely in terms of size, shape, number f synapses, and chemical constituents.  The cell body, also called the some or perikaryon, typically gives rise to axons and dendrites.  The axon arises from the cell body or the base of one of the main dendrites.  The initial axon segment, the axon hillock, actually is the site of initiation for the action potential in many neurons.  Enlargements at the ends of axons are called axon terminals, or boutons, and

are the sites of presynaptic neurotransmitter release.  Within the axon terminals are the synaptic vesicles, which contain neurotransmitter substances.  There are different types of synaptic vesicles, varying in sized, shape and other visual characteristics.  THese different types often contain different neurotransmitters, and conceivably these vesicles respond differentially to stimulation of the axon terminal.  There may be one or many dendrites (or none at all) emerging from the cell body.  Dendrites are usually profusely branched, and most are studded with small spikes, the dendritic spines, which along with somata and dendritic shafts, are the sites of synaptic connections.

Gila  Glia, glial cells, or neuroglia are synonymous terms for a class of nonneuronal cells in the nervous system (CNS)--astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependyma, and microglia--and two types in the peripheral nervous system--Schwann

Blood-brain barrier  An important feature of the brain to which glial cells contribute is the blood-brain barrier, a semipermeable barrier between the blood vessels and brain that prevents many chemical compounds from passing between brain and blood.  The ability of a molecule to cross the blood-brain barrier is based on its molecular size, electric charge, solubility, and the presence of specific transport systems for the compound.  The endothelial cells of brain capillaries differ from other capillaries because they are virtually continuous with each other and lack the pinocytotic vesicles that have been implicated in transport of substances from one side of the membrane to the other.  The biogenic amine neurotransmitters (e.g., clinical trials of a new drug)l

Membranes  All cells, including neurons and glia, are enclosed in cell membranes that function as a complex regulatory site.  The membrane is a sea of phospholipids, organized as a bilayer either the hydrophobic ends of the lipid molecules pointing toward the middle of the membrane.  Within this lipid bilayer are various types of protein molecules.  Some proteins are embedded in the external or internal surfaces of the membrane.  Neurotransmitter receptors (Section 1.4), for example, are proteins that are located partially on the outside surface of the membrane and transmit a message to another protein (e.g., and enzyme [Section 1.6]) that is located on the inside surface of the membrane.  Other proteins, such as ion channels (Section 1.7), extend the entire width of the membrane.

Cerebrospinal fluid  The CNS ventricular system is filled with CSF, produced by the cerebral plexi in the cerebral ventricles.  CSF leaves the ventricular system via the median aperture of Magendie and the two lateral apertures of Luschka and is then absorbed into the venous system through the drainage resulting in increased CSF pressure.  THis can often be seen in computed tomographic (CT) scans by the presence of dilated ventricles. 

     The CSF has a volume of approximately 125 ml in the normal adult, and approximately 500 ml are made each day.  The total volume of CSP, therefore, is replaced approximately four time each day.  The use of lumbar punctures to obtain CSF is routine neurological practice.  The CSF also is a source of research information in psychiatry because it reflects neurochemical activity in the brain.  However, metabolites from the spinal cord may significantly contribute to the chemical content of CSF, and neurotransmitter metabolites from deep brain structures may not reach the CSF efficiently.  Other consideration when evaluation research data based on CSF measurements are the possibilities of a vertical gradient in the concentration of the chemical within CSF and also of rhythmic variations of production of the chemical with time (e.g., diurnal variation).

NEUROTRANSMISSION  Neurotransmission can occur either through chemical or electrical synapses.  The role of electrical synapses, also called gap junctions, in the CNS is poorly understood.  IN contrast, a great deal is known about chemical synapses.  Chemical neurotransmission classically involves a presynaptic neuron that releases a neurotransmitter that diffuses across a synaptic cleft, where it binds to a specific receptor that initiates a series of molecular events in the postsynaptic neuron.  THe three major classes of chemical postsynaptic neuron.  The three major classes of chemical neuronmessengers are biogenic amines (also called monopeptides (Section 1.4), amino acids (Section 1.4), and neuronpeptides (Section 1.5).  The intraneuronal release and following receptor activation have recently been defined (Section 1.6).

Synapses  The most conventional types of chemical synapses are the axo-dendritic and axo-somatic synapses, in which the axon of the presynaptic neuron synapses, with a dendrite of the cell body, respectively, of the postsynaptic neuron.  Such synapses may be inhibitory, excitator, or modulatory.  IN axo-axonic synapses, the presynaptic axon synapses with the axon hillock or axon terminal of the postsynaptic neuron.  Such synapses may be inhibitory, excitatory, or modulatory.  In axon-axonic synapses, the axon synapses with the axon hillock or axon terminal of the postsynaptic neuron.  It is thought that their synapses are usually inhibitory.  Two more recently discovered synapses are dendrodendritic and dendro-axonic.  Both of these synaptic types are and do not elicit postsynaptic action potentials.  One final complication of synapses is that nonsynaptic neurons probably exist as well.  These are neurons with axon terminals that CSF and therefore do not have synapses with specific neurons and may function in a paracrine fashion.

Receptors  Receptors (Section 1.4) are proteins in the neuronal membrane that are, in part, exposed to the extracellular fluid and specifically recognized neuromessengers.  To be classified as a receptor, the binding to this protein should be saturable, specific, and reversible.  Saturable means that in experimental preparations it can be demonstrated that there is a finite number of the receptors present.  Specific means that the receptor binds, relatively speaking, only the alleged neurotransmitter fro that receptor. Binding to a functionally meaningful receptor os reversible, which means that the receptor must first bind, then release, the neurotransmitter so that the receptor subsequently can respond to another message.  The term putative receptor is often used to describe a binding site that has not yet been definitively shown to have all the properties required of a receptor.

     Receptors can be either postsynaptic or presynaptic.  In an axo-dendritic synapse, for example, the receptors on the receiving dendrite are postsynaptic.  Receptors on the axon itself are presynaptic.  They are called either presynaptic autoreceptors if they bind the neurontransmitter released by their patent neuron or presynaptic heteroreceptors if they hind a neurotransmitter released by some other neuron.

    The concepts of supersensitivity and subsensititviy are applied to receptors.  When demonstrated appropriately, these properties signify that a specific postsynaptic neuron responds in either an augmented or attenuated fashion to a constant amount of neurotransmitter.  Such regulation of synaptic response could come from three receptor related changes.  First,the number of receptors available for neurotransmitter binding could increase or decrease.  Second, the binding affinity of the receptor for the neurontransmitter molecule could increase or decrease.  Third, the molecular mechanism by which the receptor translates its message into the neuron could be more or less efficient.

Neuromessengers  Neuromessengers is a generic term that includes neurotransmitters, neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and nuerohormones.  The term neurotransmitter, however, is also commonly used to mean any type of chemical interneuronal message.  More specifically, however, neurotransmitters are the classical presynaptic neuron upon stimulation, diffuse across the synaptic cleft, and have either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on a postsynaptic neuron.  Neuromodulators also bind to specific receptors, but are conceptualized as tuning or grading the response of the postsynaptic cell to the neurotransmitter.  It obviously is somewhat arbitrary and artificial to describe how much tuning is merely modulation as opposed to actual transmission.  Neurohormones are chemical mes senger that are released by neurons into the bloodstream, rather than into the synaptic cleft or extraneuronal space.  The differentiation of these three different neuromessenger types is usually less clear in actuality.  Furthermore, any specific synaptic or neuronal system under consideration.

Neuromessengers,is,a,generic,term,that,includes,neurotransmitters,neurotransmitters,neuromodulators,and,nuerohormones,The,term,neurotransmitter,however,is,also,commonly,used,to,mean,any,type,of,chemical,interneuronal,message,More,specifically,however,neurotransmitters,are,the,classical,presynaptic,neuron,upon,stimulation,diffuse,across,the,synaptic,cleft,and,have,either,an,excitatory,or,inhibitory,effect,on,a,postsynaptic,neuron,Neuromodulators,also,bind,to,specific,receptors,but,are,conceptualized,as,tuning,or,grading,the,response,of,the,postsynaptic,cell,to,the,neurotransmitter,It,obviously,is,somewhat,arbitrary,and,artificial,to,describe,how,much,tuning,is,merely,modulation,as,opposed,to,actual,transmission,Neurohormones,are,chemical,messenger,that,are,released,by,neurons,into,the,bloodstream,rather,than,into,the,synaptic,cleft,or,extraneuronal,space,The,differentiation,of,these,three,different,neuromessenger,types,is,usually,less,clear,in,actuality,Furthermore,any,specific,synaptic,or,neuronal,system,under,consideration,The,Bad,Science,Mark,R.,Rowe,San,Diego,California,92102,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,And,there,appeared,a,great,wonder,in,heaven;,a,woman,clothed,with,the,sun,and,the,moon,under,her,feet,and,upon,her,head,a,crown,of,twelve,stars:,And,she,being,with,child,cried,travailing,in,birth,and,pained,to,be,delivered,And,there,appeared,another,wonder,in,heaven;,and,behold,a,great,red,dragon,having,seven,heads,and,ten,horns,and,seven,crowns,upon,his,heads.,And,his,tail,drew,the,third,part,of,the,stars,of,heaven,and,did,cast,them,to,the,earth:,and,the,dragon,stood,before,the,woman,which,was,ready,to,be,delivered,for,to,devour,her,child,as,soon,as,it,was,born.,And,she,brought,forth,a,man,child,who,was,to,rule,all,nations,with,a,rod,of,iron:,and,her,child,was,caught,up,unto,God,and,to,his,throne.,And,the,woman,fled,into,the,wilderness,where,she,hath,a,place,prepared,of,God,that,they,should,feed,her,there,a,thousand,two,hundred,and,threescore,days.,And,there,was,war,in,heaven:,Michael,and,his,angels,fought,against,the,dragon;,and,the,dragon,fought,and,his,angels,And,prevailed,not,neither,was,their,place,found,any,more,in,heaven,And,the,great,dragon,was,cast,out,that,old,serpent,called,the,Devil,and,Satan,which,deceiveth,the,whole,world:,he,was,cast,out,into,the,earth,and,his,angels,were,cast,out,with,him.,And,I,heard,a,loud,voice,saying,in,heaven,Now,is,come,salvation,and,strength,and,the,kingdom,of,our,God,and,the,power,of,his,Christ,for,the,accuser,of,our,brethren,is,cast,down,which,accused,them,before,our,God,day,and,night,And,they,overcame,him,by,the,blood,of,the,Lamb,and,by,the,word,of,their,testimony;,and,they,loved,not,their,lives,unto,the,death,Therefore,rejoice,ye,heavens,and,ye,that,dwell,in,them.,Woe,to,the,inhabiters,of,the,earth,and,of,the,sea!,for,the,devil,is,come,down,unto,you,having,great,wrath,because,he,knoweth,that,he,hath,but,a,short,time.,And,when,the,dragon,saw,that,he,was,cast,unto,the,earth,he,persecuted,the,woman,which,brought,forth,the,man,child,And,to,the,woman,were,given,two,wings,of,a,great,eagle,that,she,might,fly,into,the,wilderness,into,her,place,where,she,is,nourished,for,a,time,and,times,and,half,a,time,from,the,face,of,the,serpent,And,the,serpent,cast,out,of,his,mouth,water,as,a,flood,after,the,woman,that,he,might,cause,her,to,be,carried,away,of,the,flood.,And,the,earth,helped,the,woman,and,the,earth,opened,her,mouth,and,swallowed,up,the,flood,which,the,dragon,cast,out,of,his,mouth,And,the,dragon,was,wroth,with,the,woman,and,went,to,make,war,with,the,remnant,of,her,seed,which,keep,the,commandments,of,God,and,have,the,testimony,of,Jesus,Christ,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,The,Future,of,Eugenics,Eugenics,although,based,on,the,science,of,genetics,is,not,itself,a,sciences,for,it,must,above,all,concern,itself,with,social,values,with,the,question:,Whither,mankind?,Perhaps,general,Agreement,could,be,had,that,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,the,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,possession,of,sound,health,high,intelligence,general,adaptability,and,mobility,of,sprier,are,the,major,goals,toward,which,eugenics,should,aim;,perhaps,even,that,diversity,of,nature,is,better,than,uniformity,of,type,But,hour,far,ought,selective,reproduction,to,inters,with,human,freedoms:,Genetically,as,in,other,respects,"there,is,so,much,bad,in,the,best,of,us,and,so,much,good,in,the,worst,of,us",that,it,is,hared,to,asses,the,worth,of,the,manifest,hereditary,characteristics,of,a,person;,and,the,numerous,hidden,recessive,genes,or,genes,of,low,penetrance,make,it,quit,impossible,Nor,can,on,determine,to,what,extent,a,person's,manifest,characteristics,a,the,product,of,environment,particularly,for,this,qualities,what,eugenics',major,concern:,con,health,high,intelligence,and,the,like,THe,Jukes,and,Kallikaks,were,horrible,examples,of,degenerate,humanity,but,what,might,they,have,been,in,a,better,world:,Were,their,alcoholism,their,crime,and,their,vice,inescapable,products,of,their,genes?,It,seems,very,doubtful,Only,the,experiment,of,putting,them,from,earliest,infancy,in,to,an,optimum,environment,could,possible,yield,and,answer,It,is,easier,to,define,the,essentials,of,a,optimum,environment,not,forgetting,that,it,need,not,be,the,same,for,everyone,than,to,modify,gene,frequencies,by,wise,selection,Once,mankind,has,produced,an,approximation,of,that,optimum,environment,the,eugenic,task,will,be,simpler,In,fact,that,natural,selection,exerted,by,such,an,environment,may,make,eugenics,quite,unnecessary,See,also,Birth,Control,Genetics,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,,and,other,settings,washington,the,white,house,has,cancelled,a,planned,summit,meeting,next,month,between,president,barack,obama,and,russian,president,vladimir,putin,and,one,of,the,reasons,given,was,moscows,decision,to,grant,asylum,to,an,american,who,leaked,top,secret,information,Former,Vice,President,Dick,Cheney,called,Edward,Snowden,a,traitor,for,leaking,top,secret,documents,from,the,National,Security,Agency,in,an,interview,that,aired,Monday,afternoon,on,CNN,Cheney,added,that,he,hopes,the,U,S,is,eventually,able,to,catch,Snowden,who,was,granted,a,one,year,asylum,in,Russia,in,August,and,hopes,he,receives,the,justice,he,deserves,Cheney,said,Snowden,leaks,which,most,recently,revealed,that,the,National,Security,Agency,monitored,the,phone,conversations,of,35,world,leaders,have,hurt,Americas,ability,to,defend,itself,The,former,second,in,command,would,not,comment,on,whether,or,not,that,the,surveillance,began,in,2002,as,the,documents,indicated,The,fact,is,we,do,collect,a,lot,of,intelligence,without,speaking,about,any,particular,target,or,group,of,targets,Cheney,told,CNN,Jake,Tapper,That,intelligence,capability,is,enormously,important,to,the,United,States,to,our,conduct,of,foreign,policy,to,the,defense,matters,to,economic,matters,And,Im,a,strong,supporter,of,it,The,same,day,Cheney,came,out,against,Snowden,Wikileaks,set,up,a,Free,Snowden,a,website,designed,to,collect,money,to,defend,the,former,NSA,contractor,whose,asylum,ends,in,August,2014,Damascus,knows,the,struggle,for,the,moment,is,to,sway,American,public,opinion,With,that,in,mind,President,Assad,In,his,interview,with,CBS,and,statements,from,other,Syrian,officials,,have,stressed,at,least,three,ways,in,which,a,US,military,strike,would,backfire,There,is,the,unspecific,warning,if,not,outright,threat,of,direct,reprisals,by,Syria,,and,indirect,action,by,its,allies,such,as,Hezbollah,in,Lebanon,and,Iranian,backed,Shia,militias,in,Iraq,There,is,the,warning,that,American,action,would,strengthen,rebel,factions,linked,to,al,Qaeda,and,could,even,enable,them,to,seize,power,if,the,strike,were,damaging,enough,And,there,is,the,threat,echoed,by,Moscow,that,any,such,attack,would,scupper,already,dim,chances,of,a,political,settlement,through,peace,talks,in,Geneva,In,reality,much,depends,on,what,exactly,the,Americans,intend,to,do,If,their,strike,is,as,Mr,Kerry,said,incredibly,small,the,repercussions,might,be,very,limited,Iranian,backed,militias,in,Iraq,might,fire,off,some,mortars,at,the,enormous,US,embassy,compound,in,Baghdad,for,example,But,more,serious,actions,such,as,Hezbollah,striking,at,Israel,are,unlikely,unless,the,US,launches,a,very,major,operation,indeed,Russia,has,asked,Syria,to,put,its,chemical,weapons,stockpiles,under,international,control,and,then,have,them,destroyed,in,an,attempt,to,avoid,US,military,strikes,Foreign,Minister,Sergei,Lavrov,said,the,offer,was,made,during,talks,with,his,Syrian,counterpart,Walid,Muallem,who,welcomed,the,initiative,The,US,said,it,was,skeptical,but,would,have,a,hard,look,at,the,plan,The,US,accuses,Damascus,of,war,crimes,allegations,denied,by,the,regime,US,Secretary,of,State,John,Kerry,in,Europe,to,garner,support,for,the,military,action,,inadvertently,started,the,talk,of,Syria,giving,up,its,chemical,weapons,early,on,Monday,When,asked,at,a,news,conference,whether,there,was,anything,Syrian,President,Bashar,al,Assad,could,do,to,avoid,military,action,Mr,Kerry,replied,that,he,could,hand,over,his,entire,stockpile,of,chemical,weapons,within,the,next,week,US,officials,subsequently,clarified,that,Mr,Kerry,was,making,a,rhetorical,argument,rather,than,a,serious,offer,However,Mr,Lavrov,later,revealed,in,a,news,conference,that,he,had,urged,Mr,Muallem,to,not,only,agree,on,placing,chemical,weapons,storage,sites,under,international,control,,but,also,on,their,subsequent,destruction,He,said,he,had,also,told,Mr,Muallem,that,Syria,should,then,fully,join,the,Chemical,Weapons,Convention,Mr,Muallem,told,reporters,through,an,interpreter,that,Syria,welcomed,the,initiative,and,praised,Russia,for,attempting,to,prevent,American,aggression,against,our,people,Mr,Kerry,and,Mr,Lavrov,spoke,on,the,phone,after,the,Russian,proposal,was,put,forward,but,US,officials,sounded,a,cautious,note,over,the,plan,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,government,would,study,the,proposal,but,had,skepticism,over,the,credibility,of,the,Assad,regime,In,an,interview,earlier,Assad,refused,to,even,acknowledge,that,he,has,chemical,weapons,Of,course,the,whole,world,knows,he,does,said,Mr,Carney,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,would,study,Russia's,proposals,He,promised,that,the,US,would,continue,to,push,for,strikes,because,the,credible,threat,of,military,action,was,vital,in,putting,pressure,on,the,Assad,regime,US,allies,have,also,reacted,cautiously,UK,Minister,David,Cameron,said,the,destruction,of,the,weapons,would,be,a,huge,step,forward,but,warned,that,it,should,not,be,used,as,a,distraction,tactic,French,Foreign,Minister,Laurent,Fabius,called,on,Mr,Assad,to,make,rapid,serious,and,verifiable,comments,to,the,plan,German,Chancellor,Angela,Merkel,said,it,was,an,interesting,proposal,but,added,that,she,hoped,real,action,would,follow,Pay,the,price,Moscow,has,been,Mr,Assad's,main,international,ally,throughout,Syria's,two,and,a,half,year,civil,war,Russia,has,blocked,three,resolutions,against,Syria,in,the,UN,Security,Council,and,has,dismissed,US,claims,that,Mr,Assad's,forces,carried,out,a,chemical,attack,in,Damascus,on,August,killing,people,Mr,Assad's,government,blames,the,attack,on,rebels,fighting,to,overthrow,him,in,a,conflict,that,the,UN,says,has,claimed,some,lives,The,UN,sent,weapons,experts,into,Damascus,to,investigate,the,attack,UN,Secretary,General,Ban,Ki,moon,said,on,Monday,that,if,the,experts,concluded,chemicals,had,been,used,,he,would,consider,asking,the,Security,Council,to,approve,a,safe,zone,in,Syria,where,the,weapons,could,be,destroyed,Meanwhile,the,Syrian,leader,gave,an,interview,to,US,network,PBS,in,which,he,warned,the,US,against,intervention,saying,the,Middle,East,was,on,the,brink,of,explosion,You're,going,to,pay,the,price,if,you're,not,wise,with,dealing,with,terrorists,There,are,going,to,be,repercussions,he,said,The,government,is,not,the,only,player,in,this,region,You,have,different,parties,different,factions,different,ideologies,You,have,everything,in,this,decision,now,Mr,Assad,did,not,explain,whether,his,comment,was,a,threat,that,Syrian,backed,groups,such,as,Hezbollah,would,launch,retaliation,or,a,warning,that,strikes,would,bolster,al,Qaeda,linked,groups,He,also,denied,using,chemical,weapons,saying,there,was,no,evidence,to,hold,his,government,responsible,for,the,August,attack,Continue,reading,the,main,story,Start,Quote,The,proposal,to,destroy,Syria's,chemical,weapons,could,be,a,one,day,wonder,but,it,could,also,be,a,game,changer,Mark,Mardell,North,America,Heavy,lift,US,President,Barack,Obama,has,cleared,his,schedule,this,week,to,focus,all,his,attention,on,building,support,for,the,Syrian,intervention,He,has,acknowledged,he,faces,a,heavy,lift,to,win,congressional,backing,A,poll,carried,out,by,ABC,and,the,BBC,on,Friday,suggested,more,than,members,in,the,House,of,Representatives,were,either,opposed,or,likely,to,oppose,strikes,Just,representatives,said,they,would,support,or,were,likely,to,support,action,and,a,large,proportion,are,still,undecided,on,the,issue,Many,US,politicians,and,members,of,the,public,remain,concerned,that,military,action,could,draw,the,nation,into,a,prolonged,war,and,spark,broader,hostilities,in,the,region,of,the44,21,230,433,100000,1429,21,Wilhelm,Wundt,Psychology,Physiology,Physiologist,Psychologist,Researcher,Research,Experimentation,Zoology,Freudian,Freud,Psychoanalysis,Psychotherapy,MK,Ultra,Project,Leipiz,Ingoldstaldt,Berlin,Adam,Weishaupt,Ante,Nicene,once,we,are,born,we,can,hear,and,knowledge,springs,up,from,beneath,us,and,sheds,its,beams,around,our,minds,illuminati,sacred,texts,text,documents,bavaria,west,german,federal,republic,bonn,switzerland,geneva,belgrade,austria,hamburg,enigma,computer,technology,c,c++,att,bell,laboratories,princeton,university,cambridge,oxford,luddites,chartist,protests,movements,nottingham,london,england,uk,great,britain,university,california,palomar,mountain,range,california,polytechnic,state,university,”san louis obi so,california”,san,diego,riverside,orange,los,angeles,counties,county,metropolitan,greater,region,area,city,”human genome project”,”san francisco bay”,”university of california berkeley”,”the Massachusetts institue of technology”,”Boston, Massachusetts”,”Stanford University”,”Cyclotron Laboratory”,”The University of Chicago”,”Chicago, Illinois”,”The Enrico De Fermi Institue for Advanced Nuclear Studies”,”The Ryerson Chemical Engineering Laboratory The University of Chicago Department of Chemistry”,”The John Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland Laurel Maryland The Applied Physics Laboratory”,”The Department of Defense Research and Development Bethesda Maryland Howard County Montgomery County Maryland”,20876,22043,22101,22102, 703,202,571,301,843,443,22203,22207,22206,22204,22201,22200,22202,22209,22046,22048,22035,22052,22058,22060,22062,As,a,leader,in,biomedical,engineering,research,,the,Duke,BME,offers,an,outstanding,opportunity,for,Master,of,Engineering,students.,Being,at,the,forefront,of,ground,breaking,research,means,we,integrate,theory,and,practice,in,our,classrooms,and,discussions,Collaborations,exist,with,many,Duke,Medical,Center,departments,such,as,the,Duke,Comprehensive,Cancer,Center,and,the,(CIVM),As,a,student,in,the,MEng,program,,you,will,receive,personalized,guidance,from,a,faculty,mentor,and,advisor.,In,addition,our,relationships,with,internationally,respected,biotech,firms,in,nearby,Research,Triangle,Park,,such,as,Siemens,Medical,Systems,,Boehringer,Mannheim,,Genentech,,Genetronics,,Glaxo,Wellcome,,Guidant,,and,Medtronic,may,provide,unique,opportunities,for,internships,Center,for,In,Vivo,Microscopy,The,Human,Betterment,League,was,created,in,on,the,initiative,of,hosiery,king,James,G,Hanes,He,was,joined,by,members,of,the,Winston,Salem,elite,,such,as,Clarence,Gamble,of,Procter,&,Gamble,Alice,Shelton,Gray,,Dr,C,Nash,Herndon,a,leader,in,the,medical,genetics,department,at,the,Bowman,Gray,School,of,Medicine,and,a,professor,of,psychology,at,the,University,of,North,Carolina,at,The,Human,Betterment,League,has,been,criticized,historically,for,its,role,in,the,sterilization,of,men,women,and,children,White,,Black,and,Indian,who,were,deemed,inferior,by,society's,elite,Winston,Salem,North,Carolina,The,original,focus,of,the,organization,was,the,promotion,of,eugenic,sterilization,and,the,education,of,the,public,about,the,causes,and,prevention,of,mental,illnesses,and,handicaps.,By,the,early,the,Human,Betterment,League,had,shifted,its,focus,to,promoting,education,on,birth,control,and,genetic,counseling,In,it,changed,its,name,to,the,Human,Genetics,League,,and,it,disbanded,in,1988,Hill,1984,1970s,1947,Chapel,Dr,A,M,Jordan,Palestine,Arabic:,فلسطين‎,Filasṭīn,,Falasṭīn,Filisṭīn;,Greek:,Παλαιστίνη,,Palaistinē;,Latin:,Palaestina;,Hebrew:,פלשתינה,Palestina),is,a,geographic,region,in,Western,Asia,between,the,Mediterranean,Sea,and,the,Jordan,River.,It,is,sometimes,considered,to,include,adjoining,territories.,The,name,was,used,by,Ancient,Greek,writers,,and,was,later,used,for,the,Roman,province,Syria,Palaestina,,the,Byzantine,Palaestina,Prima,and,the,Umayyad,and,Abbasid,province,of,Jund,Filastin.,The,region,is,also,known,as,the,Land,of,Israel,Hebrew,ארץ־,ישראל,Eretz,Yisra'el,the,Holy,Land,the,Southern,Levant,Cisjordan,and,historically,has,been,known,by,other,names,including,Canaan,Southern,Syria,and,Jerusalem,Situated,at,a,strategic,location,between,Egypt,Syria,and,Arabia,,and,the,birthplace,of,Judaism,and,Christianity,the,region,has,a,long,and,tumultuous,history,as,a,crossroads,for,religion,culture,commerce,and,politics,The,region,has,been,controlled,by,numerous,different,peoples,including,Ancient,Egyptians,Canaanites,Israelites,,Assyrians,Babylonians,Persians,Ancient,Greeks,Romans,Byzantines,the,Sunni,Arab,Caliphates,the,Shia,Fatimid,Caliphate,Crusaders,Ayyubids,Mameluks,Ottomans,the,British,and,modern,Israelis,and,Palestinians,Boundaries,of,the,region,have,changed,throughout,history,and,were,last,defined,in,modern,times,by,the,Franco,British,boundary,agreement,1920,and,the,Transjordan,memorandum,of,16,September,1922,during,the,mandate,period,Today,the,region,comprises,the,State,of,Israel,and,the,State,of,Palestine,In,the,mouse,,each,class,of,olfactory,receptor,neurons,expressing,a,given,odorant,receptor,has,convergent,axonal,projections,to,two,specific,glomeruli,in,the,olfactory,bulb,thereby,creating,an,odor,map,However,it,is,unclear,how,this,map,is,represented,in,the,olfactory,cortex,Here,we,combine,rabies,virus,dependent,retrograde,mono,trans,synaptic,labeling,with,genetics,to,control,the,location,number,and,type,of,starter,cortical,neurons,from,which,we,trace,their,presynaptic,neurons,We,find,that,individual,cortical,neurons,receive,input,from,multiple,mitral,cells,representing,broadly,distributed,glomeruli,Different,cortical,areas,represent,the,olfactory,bulb,input,differently,For,example,the,cortical,amygdala,preferentially,receives,dorsal,olfactory,bulb,input,whereas,the,piriform,cortex,samples,the,whole,olfactory,bulb,without,obvious,bias,These,differences,probably,reflect,different,functions,of,these,cortical,areas,in,mediating,innate,odor,preference,or,associative,memory,The,trans,synaptic,labeling,method,described,here,should,be,widely,applicable,to,mapping,connections,throughout,the,mouse,nervous,system,Humans,differ,from,other,animals,in,many,aspects,of,anatomy,physiology,and,behavior,however,the,genotypic,basis,of,most,human,specific,traits,remains,unknown,Recent,whole,genome,comparisons,have,made,it,possible,to,identify,genes,with,elevated,rates,of,amino,acid,change,or,divergent,expression,in,humans,and,non,coding,sequences,with,accelerated,base,pair,changes.,Regulatory,alterations,may,be,particularly,likely,to,produce,phenotypic,effects,while,preserving,viability,and,are,known,to,underlie,interesting,evolutionary,gene,a,molecular,change,correlated,with,anatomical,loss,of,androgen,dependent,sensory,vibrissae,and,penile,spines,in,the,human,lineage,Another,deletion,a,loss,correlated,with,expansion,of,specific,brain,regions,in,humans.,Deletions,of,tissue,from,the,human,androgen,receptor,specific,enhancers,may,thus,accompany,both,loss,and,gain,traits,in,the,human,lineage,and,provide,specific,examples,of,the,kinds,of,regulatory,alterations,and,inactivation,events,long,proposed,to,have,an,important,role,in,human,evolutionary,divergence,between,chimpanzees,and,other,mammals,We,confirm,or,gene,growth,arrest,and,DNA,damage,inducible,gamma,of,sequences,otherwise,highly,conserved,function,One,deletion,removes,a,sensory,vibrissae,and,penile,spine,enhancer,removes,a,forebrain,subventricular,zone,enhancer,near,tumour,suppress,produce,significant,regulatory,changes,in,humans,complete,deletion,are,enriched,near,genes,involved,in,steroid,hormone,signalling,and,neural,regions,and,differences,in,other,species.,Here,we,identify,molecular,events,particularly,likely,to,such,deletions,in,humans,which,fall,almost,exclusively,in,non,coding,"510“,“(AR)",(GADD45G),a,NSA's,Data,Packet,Logfile,NSA,National,Security,Administration,United,States,gov,government,us,usa,u.s.,maryland,laurel,fort,meade,ft.army,headquarters,hq,h.q.,columbia,md,baltimore,washington,dc,d.c.,jessup,whiskey,bottom,road,rd,nsa,breaking,privacy,usa,france,washington,state,california,breaking,the,law,spying,on,american,citizens,cia,facebook,program

THIS IS THE WORST OF THE WORST

HUMAN GENETICISTS SHOULD BE ASHAMED OF THEMSELVES

THIS IS ANTI-GOD SCIENCE

THIS TYPE OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH SHOULD NOT CONTINUE

MAY THE LORD HAVE MERCY ON YOUR SOULS

US,government,would,study,the,proposal,but,had,skepticism,over,the,credibility,of,the,Assad,regime,In,an,interview,earlier,Assad,refused,to,even,acknowledge,that,he,has,chemical,weapons,Of,course,the,whole,world,knows,he,does,said,Mr,Carney,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,would,study,Russia's,proposals

Eugenics is a term coined by Francis Galton in 1883, meaning well born, to apply to the study and practice of breeding better plants and animals useful to man, and likewise of safeguarding and improving the human heritage.  With the passage of time, the meaning of “eugenics” has come to be restricted to the latter sense.  It was defined by Kellicott as “the social Direction of human evolution.”

     The social direction of human evolution is no new idea.  Man peoples have practiced infanticide in order to rid their society of abnormal or defective individuals and to prevent their increase.  The ancient Spartans not only did this, but also, in order to maintain their ascendancy over the helots, practiced most of the eugenic measures applied in recent times.  For the dominant class, emigration was limited and marriage with those of their own order was encouraged.  Celibates bore the weight of special taxes, whereas the production of offspring was rewarded by the state.  A severe regimen was maintained to promote fitness and to eliminate the weak or deformed.  Also, periodically, the helots were massacred in large numbers, so as always to keep that supposedly inferior element of the population down.

     Plato’s proposals for a eugenic society are famous  He held that neither defective children nor those produced by inferior parents ought to be reared.  Chronic invalids and victims of self-indulgence should be denied medical aid, and the morally degenerate executed.  On the positive side, the improvement of the race could be promoted by temporary unions of the best men and women for the specific purpose of creating superior offspring.

     These examples are enough to show that nature of the main questions that arise in attempting ‘the social direction of human evolution,’ the questions: what? how? and whither?  What is the nature of heredity, the material the eugenicist would alter?  How readily and by what agents may it be altered?  Toward what goals should eugenics be directed?  These will be taken up in turn.

     We know that to start with, each individual is a fertilized egg cell that must develop the characteristics common to all members of its species, race, and family, besides those traits peculiar to itself.  The fertilized egg, then, possesses potentialities and capacities for developing in a certain way, but it can do so only within the limitations of its environment.  We therefore need to understand first, the mechanism of heredity (i.e., how the fertilized egg comes to posses its potentialities); and second, the relative power of heredity and environment in molding a person’s traits.

     As to the first, the science of genetics informs us that heredity is primarily determined by genes.  These hereditary units are present in equal number in each of the reproductive cells (ovum and sperm) that unite in fertilization.  Heredity is therefore biparental.  Essentially, for each gene inherited from one’s mother, a corresponding gene is inherited from one’s father.  Corresponding genes are no always identical, for by rare but permanent changes know as mutations existing genes give rise to dew kinds.  Should the two genes forming a pair happened to be different (a condition called “heterozygous”), then one gene, known as the dominant, may determined the specific trait concerned; the other gene, known as the recessive, is then masked, although it will still be transmitted to succeeding generations without ant alteration.  Thus a person who has a pair of genes (Bb), one for brown eye-color (B) and the other for blue (d), will have brown eyes, and the presence of the gene for blue eye-color may be quite unsuspected.  One can have blue eyes only by inheriting two genes for blue eye-color, one from each parent. (Such a person, with both genes in the pair alike, is said to be “homozygous.”) Dominance is not always the rule, and in some cases one can see the effects of both genes comprising a pair.  For example, a pair of genes, one of which produces blood type A and the other blood type B, each person’s genes are probably recessive, and most of these will be heterozygous and as a consequence unobservable.  The significance of this for eugenics is unmistakable:  a considerable proportion of the genes in any person, and therefore in the entire population, are hidden, and to that extent the measures of eugenics must be applied blindly.

     Many characteristics are determined of affected by more than one pair of genes--intelligence, for example.  In such a case it is a particular combination of dominant genes (belonging to different pairs), perhaps together with some homozygous recessive genes, that determines the nature of the character.  These combinations, however, are very rarely inherited in toto, the reason being that a person does not inherit all the genes of his parents, but only half of those of each parent--specifically, one gene from each pair of the parent’s genes.  Pure chance determines which of the two genes of a pair will be chosen.  Genes located on different pairs of chromosomes are assorted at random, and even those on the same pair of chromosomes can enter into recombinations to a certain extent.  The more genes there are, then, in the combination will be transmitted to the next generation intact.  Nearly all combinations are broken up as the germ cells become mature, and then new combinations of biparental origin are formed when egg and sperm cell unite.  The importance to eugenics of this reassortment and recombination of genes in heredity can hardly be overemphasized, inasmuch as most of the human genes, the combinations of which cannot be preserved, whether good or bad.  Moreover, a particular gene which in most combinations has an adverse effect may, in just the right combinations, produce a desirable effect; and conversely, a particular gene that in most combinations has a favorable effect may get into a bad combination.  We can scarcely estimate the absolute, over-all effect of a gene; we must judge it by the company it keeps.

     Galton was the first person to try to assess the relative powers of heredity and environment in determining a person’s characteristics.  His investigations of the familial occurrence of genius and of special talents convinced him that “the  power of nature was far stronger than the power of nurture, when the nurtures of the persons being compared were not exceedingly different . . . [i.e.,] when the differences of nurture do not exceed what is commonly to be found among persons of the same rank of society and in the same country.”  Later studies have largely confirmed this judgment.  In particular, studies of monozygotic, or so-called “identical,” twins, who develop from a single fertilized ovum and who therefore share an identical heredity, indicate that even when the twins are separated from early infancy, they remain astonishingly similar.  This similarity is greatest in physical traits, such as eye color, hair color, blood types, baldness, or the possession of other distinctive features, all of which remain virtually identical in the co-twins.  There is a a somewhat greater resemblance in height than in weight, yet in both these respects the correlation is nearly complete.  There is remarkable similarity in length of life.  Insusceptibility to diseases, such as cancer or appendicitis, and especially in the tendency to develop the same defects of metabolism, such as diabetes or allergy, the twins also are markedly alike.  Adult one-egg twins, few of whom were living together at the time, have been found to agree in the occurrence of tuberculosis in 87 per cent of the pairs of twins.  But ordinary dizygotic twins, who come form two different eggs fertilized separately, and who therefore stand midway between monozygotic twins and unrelated persons in the proportion of genes they share, showed a concordance of only 26 per cent; and husbands and wives, as examples of unrelated persons living together and sharing the same environment, showed a concordance of only 7 per cent.  The correlation of I.Q. (intelligence quotient) for one-egg twins reared apart is no higher than that of two-egg twins of the same sex reared together.  This means that a similar environment has about the same effect in making the I.Q.’s alike as does the genetic difference between the two-eggs twins and the identical twins.  Among twenty pairs of one-egg twins reared apart, ten pairs did not differ significantly; six pairs differed by 7 to 12 I.Q. points, and four pairs by 15 to 24 pants.  The biggest difference here is about equal to a full grade in the distribution:  idiot--insanity--moron--low--average--superior--very superior--genius.  That difference occurred in a pairs of twins who differed by more that thirteen years of education; and no big difference was found between twins reared apart except where the difference in years of schooling or in the cultural level of the homes was very marked.  A big difference of educational and cultural environment does not, however, guarantee a corresponding difference between the I.Q.’s of the twins.  In one pair the difference in schooling amounted to ten years, plus four years of musical training--but the difference in I.Q. was only 12 points.  One may conclude that certain hereditary types are much more amenable that others to modification of the intelligence by the environment.

     With respect to the commoner mental diseases there is somewhat more variability between one-egg twins.  For schizophrenia, manic-depressive psychosis, and epilepsy the concordance of one-egg twins is about 68 per cent in each case; whereas for two-egg twins it is about 15 per cent.  A consideration of epilepsy is particularly instructive, because it has been found that one-egg twins it is about 15 per cent.  A consideration of epilepsy is particularly instructive, because it has been found that one-egg twins, one of whom is epileptic, are always alike in possessing the same sort of abnormal electrical brain waves.  Inheritance of the abnormal brain waves is dominant and depends upon a single gene; but the epileptic seizers, although restricted to persons with such brain waves, must depend upon unknown environmental factors as well.  This is an example of a gene with one of the most important factors in determining the effectiveness of eugenic measures, for in certain individuals it the presence of the gene.

     Even in regard to social traits and personality, the one-egg twins show a far greater degree of similarity that two-egg twins of the same sex.  Five studies of criminality in twins have been made, with consistent results.  Ina total of 104 pairs of one-egg twins and 113 pairs of two-egg twins, the concordance for the former amounted to 67 per cent, for the latter to 33 per cent.  Such data do not mean, of course, that criminality, insanity, intelligence, or the like, are inherited as such, in a fixed, unalterable way.  There is ample warrant, in all these studies, for concluding that past experience and present environment can suppress, diminish, or enhance the expression of such characteristics.  But the investigations made on twins do show that similar hereditary natures generally provided the individuals are not subjected to radical differences in their environments.  This was Galton’s original conclusion.  However, it is clearly necessary to define the term “radical.”

     A pair of blond one-egg twins may be temporarily separated, one kept indoors, the other sent for a vacation at the beach.  In a few weeks one is sunburned and very much darker than his twin.  This does not mean that environment determines complexion and that heredity has nothing to do with it.  It means that for blond persons the amount of sunlight can constitute a “radical” difference in environment.  Tet not all characteristics are affected by this “radical” difference of environment--only the complexion and such other traits as might be modified by light, for example, those that would be affected be a temporary change int he amount of vitamin D produced by the body.  Only by careful experimentation can it be determined whether a specific difference in environment can affect a characteristic or not, and it must be determined separately for each characteristic.  The effects of the environment a re inextricably interwoven in a person’s characteristics with that effects for the genes.

     The primary concern of eugenics is with the frequency in the population of certain characteristics and of the specific genes that help to determine them.  The study of evolutionary processes has made it clear that gene frequencies are changed by four principal factors: (1) mutation; (2) selection, natural or artificial; (3) chance; and (4) isolation or, conversely, migration.  Other factors, such as the size of the population and the character of breeding, whether random or assortative, do not affect gene frequencies directly but have an important indirect influence by modifying the four chief factors.  It has been calculated, for example, that in a population breeding quite at random with respect to the characteristics under consideration, the gene frequencies will remain in equilibrium, unchanged from generation to generation which is the Hardy [Weinberg principle.  In other words. the hereditary nature of the species, the make-up of the population, will change only if some factor upses the equilibrium and favors one gene over another.

     By mutation new sorts of genes come into existence, and without this there could be no long-continued process of evolutionary change, whether eugenic or otherwise.  Mutations of a specific gene normally occur only very rarely.  The mutation rates for several human genes have been estimated, and their average is about one in 50,000 per generation; that is, to take a specific example, in a population of 50,000 persons on person has a gene for hemophilia which was not inherited from either parent, but instead arose by mutation from a corresponding gene for normal blood clotting.  It follows that, unless one could somehow prevent mutation, no measures can be successful in eradication a gene from the population.  At nest, its frequency can be reduced to the levels of its rate mutation at a gene frequency of 1 in 50,000.

     The frequency of mutation can be tremendously increased by X rays or other ionizing radiations that penetrate to the genes  int he reproductive cells, by ultraviolet radiation, by heat, and by certain chemicals, such as mustard gas.  It is therefore possible at the present time to produce vastly greater stores of new hereditary material upon which selection may be exercised, and this method may indeed help mankind to produce new forms of plants and animals more rapidly.  For eugenics, this tool is too potent, since the vast majority of all mutations produce harmful consequences, and hardly one in 500 or 1,000 improves its possessor’s characteristics until in the course of generations they become homozygous, nevertheless we must avoid filling the human germ-plasm with an overload of harmful genes.  Several lines of evidence make it likely that nearly everyone even now possesses at least one recessive lethal gene, that is, gene so harmful that were it homozygous it would destroy the life of its possessor at some stage during development.  Other detrimental genes are probably at least thee times as numerous as the lethal genes.  These genes can persist int the population because they are hidden.  Each kind is prevented from becoming more common because of natural selection.

     Natural selection works through differential viability or fertility; That is, possessors of certain inherited characteristics may less often that normal reach maturity and have an opportunity to reduce offspring; or they may, although mature, produce fewer offspring than normal because of celibacy or sterility.  In either case, the responsible genes are diminished in frequency in the next generation.  A lot of desirable genes are lost each time, too, for selection can act only on individuals, that is to say, on entire combinations of genes.  It cannot pick out the solitary gene that is chief offender.  The reassortment and recombination of genes in sexual reproduction constitute the saving factor here, and render it unlikely that the same unoffending genes will be lost each time a particular sore of detrimental gene is eliminated.

     The rapidity with which the frequency of a gene can be reduced by selection depends upon the percentage of carriers who manifest the effects of that gene.  A full dominate, for example, with a fitness only half normal (i.e., being passed on to the next generation only half as often as it would be if normal), would in twenty generations, or about five hundred tears, be reduced to one millionth of its original frequency.  It would almost certainly reach the level where it would be maintained by fresh mutation before this.  As a consequence, any particular harmful dominant trait is already, because of natural selection, very rare.  It is of no eugenic consequence to try to deal with them.  A lowered penetrance, however, will slow up the elimination of a dominant gene, and so too will lateness of expression in life.  Huntington’s chorea, for example, is the result of a simple dominant gene  It must be regarded as a very unfortunate nervous affliction, yet because the average age of onset is thirty-five years, viability and fertility do not appear to be affected by it at all.  On the other hand, a recessive with a fitness of one half would in twenty generations be reduced in gene frequency only by about 40 per cent.  What is more, the amount of reduction declines in each succeeding generation, as an ever larger proportion of possessors becomes heterozygous.  The frequency of a common recessive gene might therefore be reduced very quickly; but the reduction in frequency of a gene already rare is almost imperceptible.  Now, because natural selection has already been at work for ages past, no gene very detrimental or harmful gene is already rare in frequency and maintained in equilibrium between mutation and selection.  Sex-linked recessives such as hemophilia fall in this respect between simple dominate genes and ordinary recessive genes.  The combinations of genes which determine complex traits such as intelligence are even more slowly affected by selection.

     Chance changes in gene frequencies and also the effects of isolation are not of as great eugenic significance in modern times as formerly, for they are marked detrimental gene may become established by chance, or a beneficial gene be eliminated.  Also, in a small population those who marry.  This inbreeding does not of itself change the open by increasing the proportion of homozygous persons, and that allows selection to be exercised upon them. If a line is free of harmful recessive genes, then inbreeding will do no harm;  Cleopatra, for example, came of a number of genes, so that the effect of inbreeding is in general to increase the number of afflicted persons in the population.  Selection can then exert a greater pressure on the relevant gene frequency.  Actually, since medieval times, the trend has been merging to make large ones, and migrations of tremendous magnitude have produced human milting pots the world around.  This has had the effect of reducing a greater proportion of the recessive genes to the heterozygous condition.  They have disappeared from view and from exposure to selection, and can now increase under cover to a much higher frequency, until such time as by random mating homozygous persons are produced and selection again becomes active.  THis may take thousand or tens of thousands of years.  Meanwhile, it is important to realized what a disastrous increase in the proportion of hereditarily afflicted persons would result if our present populations ere for any reason--say, as the aftermath of another world war--to be broken up again into small units.

     By surrounding itself with a social environment, mankind has unwittingly modified the rigor of natural selection int many respects.  The price we must pay, in the end, for the mercies of medical care and surgical aid is the dysgenic increase in the frequencies of certain detrimental genes the effects of which we have learned how to ameliorate.  Thousands upon thousands of diabetics who in a former day would have died early in life are now saved by insulin to live relatively normal lives, and or course, to pass on the genes responsible for their diabetes to their descendants.  Myopia is no longer a grave handicap in life; hearing aids alleviate certain types of deafness.  Probably no one would have it otherwise.  Yet the vision of a future population composed extensively of persons who have to wear both glasses and hearing aids, and must start the day by inserting false teeth and taking an insulin injection, in none too pleasant.  To say the least, medical science is steadily increasing to load it must carry.

     Another instance of the unconscious direction of human evolution lies in the differential reproduction of economic and cultural groups.  The differential reproduction of the several races may by ignored here, for there is no valid evidence that the known hereditary differences between them alter viability or fertility, or affect any eugenic desideratum, such as intelligence,  There is little doubt that there is some cultural levels, in such countries as Great Britain and the United States.  It is also well established that in the same countries the reproductive rate varies inversely with income.  The result, theoretically, must be a decrease in frequency of these genes contributing to high intelligence, although the decrease might be slow.  A tentative estimate by a British psychologist, Sir Cyril Burt, puts the decline in England at 1.5 or 2 IQ points per generation, which, if real, will in time have effects too grave to be ignored.

     Eugenic Practices.  The various measures of negative and positive eugenics may now be considered.  The former comprise four methods, all of which are actually in operation in certain states or countries.

     Segregation.  That most widely used is the the segregation of males and females in separate institutions, such as prisons, mental hospitals, or other “homes.”  To the extent to which it can be applied, this measure is very effective in preventing propagation.  However, most social institutions of these kinds are today regarded as having a curative function rather that one of permanent incarceration and care; so that eventually a large proportion of the inmates of these institutions are released and are again at liberty to reproduce.  To take care of the feebleminded alone in such institutions would moreover require an enormous increase in the humber of institutions and amount of care beyond what is at present available, since it is estimated that about 2 per cent of the population, or about 3,600,000 persons in the United States are feebleminded.

     Sterilization.  A second method is that of sterilization. This is also highly effective for the purpose, but has the drawback that no way of producing only temporary sterilization has been discovered.  The surgical methods consist of ligating or cutting the sexual ducts, either oviducts or vasa deferentia.  The methods thus prevents reproduction without interfering with the hormonal secretions of the ovaries or testes and so causing changes in the sexual characteristics and emotions, as does castration.  In the United States, twenty-eight states have laws for the sterilization of the hopelessly insane or the feebleminded, but application varies greatly.  Twelve states (California, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oregon, Virginia, and Wisconsin) have a record of more than 1,000 sterilizations each, California being far in the lead with 20,041.  The total (through Dec. 31, 1960) amounts to 62,162, of whom about half were mentally ill and half mentally deficient.  (Statistics provided by the Human Betterment Association of America, Inc.)  It is estimated that by sterilization and segregation the amount of mental defect and disease could be reduced perhaps 15 per cent, or from 2 per cent of the population to 1.7 per cent.

     Birth control.  A third method consists of the universal  encouragement of birth control by providing free birth control to all classes of the population would, it is argued, tend to restore the balance between the differential reproductive rates of the more intelligent and the less intelligent.  Probably to some extent this is true, and in Sweden, where this measure has been carried out, it seems indeed to have brought the reproductive rates of all economic classes of the population into line.  However, an effective use of methods of birth control requires considerable intelligence, so that only too probably insofar as this measure is practiced, it will work to lower the reproductive rate of the intelligent persons of all economic and social classes, and will affect that of the morons and feebleminded little or none.  It must also be pointed out that certain methods of birth control are vigorously condemned by particular religious groups.

     Restraints on Marriage.  The final negative measure is one which does not actually change gene frequencies but only diminishes the proportion of individuals who manifest certain traits.  This measure is the prohibition of consanguineous and assortative marriages, which, as previously was shown, greatly increase the number of persons homozygous for the rarer recessive genes.  In nearly all societies, taboos or legal restrictions have long existed against the closest degrees of in-marriage.  Perhaps these grew up because it was commonly observed that such marriages often yielded abnormal or defective children.  At any rate, the only practicable extension of this method would be to prohibit marriages of first cousins, wherever now allowed.  THis would stop only about 56 per cent of consanguineous mating according to Professor J. B. S. Haldane.  In spite of the limitations of this measure, however, it ought in time to reduce the proportion of persons manifesting recessive defects.  The maximum reduction for each defect would be 15 per cent.  For mental defect in general, Haldane has estimated the possible reduction at 2.5 per cent.  By prohibiting assortative mating between defectives, the frequency of such defects as are recessive might also be reduced.  Thus, assortative mating is strongest among the deaf. and at least two kinds o deafness are inherited as simple recessives.  A ban on marriages of two deaf persons would considerably reduce these types of hereditary deafness in the population.  Against this social advantage must be weighed the counter-advantage of happy social adjustment, promoted among the deaf by their inmarriage.

     Eutelegenesis  Positive eugenic measures might be of two types.  The more extreme is “eutelegensis,” the extensive use of a single carefully selected sire by artificial insemination, as in animal breeding.  Apart from the widespread repugnance which is would encounter, such a method involves a biological outcome that invites disaster.  The gene-sharing it promotes in the breed leads to uniformity.  In animal breeding this may by obviated by developing a number of individually uniform, but distinct, breeds.  For mankind, it is at least arguable that genetic diversity is better than uniformity, whether of one or several breeds.  In particular, because of the high frequency of lethal and other harmful recessive genes in the population, there is a grave danger that the widely used sire might spread a detrimental gene throughout the population before it was detected.  This has actually happened in cattle breeding.

     Rewards for Parenthood.  The other way to promote a higher reproductive rate is to offer inducements and rewards for parenthood, and to remove impediments to it.  Such measurements have been tried already by many countries concerned about their growth or decline in population, rather than for eugenic reasons.  However, the low reproductive rate of the more intelligent people is apparent.  It is equally clear that this is mainly a result of choice.  Too clearly they see that each added child is an economic burden that diminishes the standard of living of the entire family and the opportunities open to the other children.  As H. J. Muller has said: “It is undeniable that the profit system leaves little place for children.  In general, they do are not profitable investments: Their cost is excessive, the dividends from them are uncertain, they are likely to depreciate in value are practically non-transferable, and they do not mature soon enough.”  Direct subsidies to parents have not worked very well in those countries that have tried them, however.  Taxation  more steeply graduated in inverse ratio to family size, and multiplication of those social services rendered directly to children, or to expectant nursing mothers, would seem to provide an answer.

      The future of Eugenics.  Eugenics, although based on the science of genetics, it not itself a science, for it must above all concern itself with social values, with the question:  Whither mankind:  Perhaps general agreement could be had that freedom from gross physical or mental defects and the possession of sound health, high intelligence general adaptability, and nobility of spirit are the major goals toward which eugenics should aim; perhaps even that diversity of nature is better than uniformity of type.  But how far ought  selective reproduction to interfere with human freedoms?  Genetically, as in other respects, “there is so much bad in the best of us and so much good in the worst of us” that it is hard to asses the worth of the manifest hereditary characteristics of a person; and the numerous hidden recessive genes of low penetrance make it quite impossible.  Nor can one determine to what extent a person’s  manifest characteristic are the product of environment, particularly for those qualities that are eugenics’ major concern: sound health, high intelligence, and the like.  The Jukes and the Kallikaks were horrible examples of degenerate humanity, but what might they have been in a better world?  Were their alcoholism, their crime, and their vice inescapable products of their genes?  It seems very doubtful.  Only the experiment of putting them from earliest infancy into an optimum environment--not forgetting that it need not be the same for everyone--than to modify gene frequencies by wise selection.  Once mankind has produced an approximation for that optimum environment, the eugenic task will be simpler.  In fact, the natural selection exerted by such an environment may make eugenics selection exerted by such an environment may make eugenics quite unnecessary.

The,Bad,Science,Mark,R.,Rowe,San,Diego,California,92102,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,And,there,appeared,a,great,wonder,in,heaven;,a,woman,clothed,with,the,sun,and,the,moon,under,her,feet,and,upon,her,head,a,crown,of,twelve,stars:,And,she,being,with,child,cried,travailing,in,birth,and,pained,to,be,delivered,And,there,appeared,another,wonder,in,heaven;,and,behold,a,great,red,dragon,having,seven,heads,and,ten,horns,and,seven,crowns,upon,his,heads.,And,his,tail,drew,the,third,part,of,the,stars,of,heaven,and,did,cast,them,to,the,earth:,and,the,dragon,stood,before,the,woman,which,was,ready,to,be,delivered,for,to,devour,her,child,as,soon,as,it,was,born.,And,she,brought,forth,a,man,child,who,was,to,rule,all,nations,with,a,rod,of,iron:,and,her,child,was,caught,up,unto,God,and,to,his,throne.,And,the,woman,fled,into,the,wilderness,where,she,hath,a,place,prepared,of,God,that,they,should,feed,her,there,a,thousand,two,hundred,and,threescore,days.,And,there,was,war,in,heaven:,Michael,and,his,angels,fought,against,the,dragon;,and,the,dragon,fought,and,his,angels,And,prevailed,not,neither,was,their,place,found,any,more,in,heaven,And,the,great,dragon,was,cast,out,that,old,serpent,called,the,Devil,and,Satan,which,deceiveth,the,whole,world:,he,was,cast,out,into,the,earth,and,his,angels,were,cast,out,with,him.,And,I,heard,a,loud,voice,saying,in,heaven,Now,is,come,salvation,and,strength,and,the,kingdom,of,our,God,and,the,power,of,his,Christ,for,the,accuser,of,our,brethren,is,cast,down,which,accused,them,before,our,God,day,and,night,And,they,overcame,him,by,the,blood,of,the,Lamb,and,by,the,word,of,their,testimony;,and,they,loved,not,their,lives,unto,the,death,Therefore,rejoice,ye,heavens,and,ye,that,dwell,in,them.,Woe,to,the,inhabiters,of,the,earth,and,of,the,sea!,for,the,devil,is,come,down,unto,you,having,great,wrath,because,he,knoweth,that,he,hath,but,a,short,time.,And,when,the,dragon,saw,that,he,was,cast,unto,the,earth,he,persecuted,the,woman,which,brought,forth,the,man,child,And,to,the,woman,were,given,two,wings,of,a,great,eagle,that,she,might,fly,into,the,wilderness,into,her,place,where,she,is,nourished,for,a,time,and,times,and,half,a,time,from,the,face,of,the,serpent,And,the,serpent,cast,out,of,his,mouth,water,as,a,flood,after,the,woman,that,he,might,cause,her,to,be,carried,away,of,the,flood.,And,the,earth,helped,the,woman,and,the,earth,opened,her,mouth,and,swallowed,up,the,flood,which,the,dragon,cast,out,of,his,mouth,And,the,dragon,was,wroth,with,the,woman,and,went,to,make,war,with,the,remnant,of,her,seed,which,keep,the,commandments,of,God,and,have,the,testimony,of,Jesus,Christ,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,and,other,settings,The,Future,of,Eugenics,Eugenics,although,based,on,the,science,of,genetics,is,not,itself,a,sciences,for,it,must,above,all,concern,itself,with,social,values,with,the,question:,Whither,mankind?,Perhaps,general,Agreement,could,be,had,that,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,the,freedom,from,gross,physical,or,mental,defects,and,the,possession,of,sound,health,high,intelligence,general,adaptability,and,mobility,of,sprier,are,the,major,goals,toward,which,eugenics,should,aim;,perhaps,even,that,diversity,of,nature,is,better,than,uniformity,of,type,But,hour,far,ought,selective,reproduction,to,inters,with,human,freedoms:,Genetically,as,in,other,respects,"there,is,so,much,bad,in,the,best,of,us,and,so,much,good,in,the,worst,of,us",that,it,is,hared,to,asses,the,worth,of,the,manifest,hereditary,characteristics,of,a,person;,and,the,numerous,hidden,recessive,genes,or,genes,of,low,penetrance,make,it,quit,impossible,Nor,can,on,determine,to,what,extent,a,person's,manifest,characteristics,a,the,product,of,environment,particularly,for,this,qualities,what,eugenics',major,concern:,con,health,high,intelligence,and,the,like,THe,Jukes,and,Kallikaks,were,horrible,examples,of,degenerate,humanity,but,what,might,they,have,been,in,a,better,world:,Were,their,alcoholism,their,crime,and,their,vice,inescapable,products,of,their,genes?,It,seems,very,doubtful,Only,the,experiment,of,putting,them,from,earliest,infancy,in,to,an,optimum,environment,could,possible,yield,and,answer,It,is,easier,to,define,the,essentials,of,a,optimum,environment,not,forgetting,that,it,need,not,be,the,same,for,everyone,than,to,modify,gene,frequencies,by,wise,selection,Once,mankind,has,produced,an,approximation,of,that,optimum,environment,the,eugenic,task,will,be,simpler,In,fact,that,natural,selection,exerted,by,such,an,environment,may,make,eugenics,quite,unnecessary,See,also,Birth,Control,Genetics,Mark,Rowe,David,Rowe,Nina,Dougherty,Clifford,Dougherty,Anita,Ferguson,Virginia,Ferguson,William,Jones,Frederick,Jones,Charles,Rowe,Jacqueline,Kennedy,Esther,Rowe,Ralph,Rowe,Judy,Garland,Ethel,Kennedy,Robert,John,Kennedy,international,affairs,world,economic,domination,and,control,policy,makers,decisions,for,material,gain,persuasion,of,the,masses,Did,you,know,that,the,NSA,can,track,the,location,of,your,phone,even,when,it,is,turned,off,and,the,batteries,have,been,removed,This,admission,went,largely,unnoticed,in,a,Washington,Post,report,entitled,NSA,growth,fueled,by,need,to,target,terrorists,In,the,article,writer,Dana,Priest,details,how,teams,of,NSA,employees,stationed,around,the,globe,are,dedicated,to,tracking,phones,in,real,time,By,September,2004,a,new,NSA,technique,enabled,the,agency,to,find,cellphones,even,when,they,were,turned,off,JSOC,troops,called,this,The,Find,and,it,gave,them,thousands,of,new,targets,including,members,of,a,burgeoning,al,Qaeda,sponsored,insurgency,in,Iraq,according,to,members,of,the,unit,At,the,same,time,the,NSA,developed,a,new,computer,linkup,called,the,Real,Time,Regional,Gateway,into,which,the,military,and,intelligence,officers,could,feed,every,bit,of,data,or,seized,documents,and,get,back,a,phone,number,or,list,of,potential,targets,It,also,allowed,commanders,to,see,on,a,screen,every,type,of,surveillance,available,in,a,given,territory,The,technique,by,which,the,NSA,can,wiretap,cellphones,even,when,they,are,turned,off,and,powered,down,is,most,likely,being,performed,with,the,complicity,of,telecommunications,companies,who,have,proven,friendly,to,NSA,snooping,Trojan,horse,programs,disguised,behind,routine,system,updates,are,the,likely,method,through,which,the,NSA,gains,direct,access,to,millions,of,Americans,cellphones,and,other,devices,you,may,recall,the,fact,that,Verizon,and,ATT,notably,did,not,sign,the,collective,letter,asking,the,government,to,allow,affected,companies,to,release,information,on,government,requests,for,data,writes,Tim,Cushing,given,this,background,its,not,unimaginable,that,Verizon,and,ATT,would,accommodate,the,NSA,and,FBI,if,it,wished,to,use,their,update,systems,to,push,these,trojans,as,we,have,also,previously,highlighted,terms,of,agreement,for,many,of,the,apps,you,download,to,your,smartphone,now,use,your,microphone,to,listen,to,you,and,your,camera,to,take,pictures,of,you,without,your,knowledge,the,notion,of,the,federal,government,tracking,your,location,via,your,cellphone,is,particularly,prescient,given,yesterdays,report,concerning,the,DHS,funded,mesh,network,system,that,seattle,police,eventually,intend,to,roll,out,across,the,city,but,have,temporarily,been,forced,to,deactivate,due,to,a,privacy,outcry,aruba,networks,company,behind,the,system,of,wifi,hubs,which,can,record,the,last,1000,locations,of,cellphones,belonging,to,anyone,in,the,coverage,area,bragged,in,their,promotional,material,that,the,grid,could,track,rogue,or,unassociated,devices,In,other,words,even,if,you,do,not,allow,your,phone,to,connect,to,such,wifi,networks,they,can,still,access,your,device,record,its,current,and,historical,location,as,well,as,download,private,information,from,your,apps,,and,other,settings,washington,the,white,house,has,cancelled,a,planned,summit,meeting,next,month,between,president,barack,obama,and,russian,president,vladimir,putin,and,one,of,the,reasons,given,was,moscows,decision,to,grant,asylum,to,an,american,who,leaked,top,secret,information,Former,Vice,President,Dick,Cheney,called,Edward,Snowden,a,traitor,for,leaking,top,secret,documents,from,the,National,Security,Agency,in,an,interview,that,aired,Monday,afternoon,on,CNN,Cheney,added,that,he,hopes,the,U,S,is,eventually,able,to,catch,Snowden,who,was,granted,a,one,year,asylum,in,Russia,in,August,and,hopes,he,receives,the,justice,he,deserves,Cheney,said,Snowden,leaks,which,most,recently,revealed,that,the,National,Security,Agency,monitored,the,phone,conversations,of,35,world,leaders,have,hurt,Americas,ability,to,defend,itself,The,former,second,in,command,would,not,comment,on,whether,or,not,that,the,surveillance,began,in,2002,as,the,documents,indicated,The,fact,is,we,do,collect,a,lot,of,intelligence,without,speaking,about,any,particular,target,or,group,of,targets,Cheney,told,CNN,Jake,Tapper,That,intelligence,capability,is,enormously,important,to,the,United,States,to,our,conduct,of,foreign,policy,to,the,defense,matters,to,economic,matters,And,Im,a,strong,supporter,of,it,The,same,day,Cheney,came,out,against,Snowden,Wikileaks,set,up,a,Free,Snowden,a,website,designed,to,collect,money,to,defend,the,former,NSA,contractor,whose,asylum,ends,in,August,2014,Damascus,knows,the,struggle,for,the,moment,is,to,sway,American,public,opinion,With,that,in,mind,President,Assad,In,his,interview,with,CBS,and,statements,from,other,Syrian,officials,,have,stressed,at,least,three,ways,in,which,a,US,military,strike,would,backfire,There,is,the,unspecific,warning,if,not,outright,threat,of,direct,reprisals,by,Syria,,and,indirect,action,by,its,allies,such,as,Hezbollah,in,Lebanon,and,Iranian,backed,Shia,militias,in,Iraq,There,is,the,warning,that,American,action,would,strengthen,rebel,factions,linked,to,al,Qaeda,and,could,even,enable,them,to,seize,power,if,the,strike,were,damaging,enough,And,there,is,the,threat,echoed,by,Moscow,that,any,such,attack,would,scupper,already,dim,chances,of,a,political,settlement,through,peace,talks,in,Geneva,In,reality,much,depends,on,what,exactly,the,Americans,intend,to,do,If,their,strike,is,as,Mr,Kerry,said,incredibly,small,the,repercussions,might,be,very,limited,Iranian,backed,militias,in,Iraq,might,fire,off,some,mortars,at,the,enormous,US,embassy,compound,in,Baghdad,for,example,But,more,serious,actions,such,as,Hezbollah,striking,at,Israel,are,unlikely,unless,the,US,launches,a,very,major,operation,indeed,Russia,has,asked,Syria,to,put,its,chemical,weapons,stockpiles,under,international,control,and,then,have,them,destroyed,in,an,attempt,to,avoid,US,military,strikes,Foreign,Minister,Sergei,Lavrov,said,the,offer,was,made,during,talks,with,his,Syrian,counterpart,Walid,Muallem,who,welcomed,the,initiative,The,US,said,it,was,skeptical,but,would,have,a,hard,look,at,the,plan,The,US,accuses,Damascus,of,war,crimes,allegations,denied,by,the,regime,US,Secretary,of,State,John,Kerry,in,Europe,to,garner,support,for,the,military,action,,inadvertently,started,the,talk,of,Syria,giving,up,its,chemical,weapons,early,on,Monday,When,asked,at,a,news,conference,whether,there,was,anything,Syrian,President,Bashar,al,Assad,could,do,to,avoid,military,action,Mr,Kerry,replied,that,he,could,hand,over,his,entire,stockpile,of,chemical,weapons,within,the,next,week,US,officials,subsequently,clarified,that,Mr,Kerry,was,making,a,rhetorical,argument,rather,than,a,serious,offer,However,Mr,Lavrov,later,revealed,in,a,news,conference,that,he,had,urged,Mr,Muallem,to,not,only,agree,on,placing,chemical,weapons,storage,sites,under,international,control,,but,also,on,their,subsequent,destruction,He,said,he,had,also,told,Mr,Muallem,that,Syria,should,then,fully,join,the,Chemical,Weapons,Convention,Mr,Muallem,told,reporters,through,an,interpreter,that,Syria,welcomed,the,initiative,and,praised,Russia,for,attempting,to,prevent,American,aggression,against,our,people,Mr,Kerry,and,Mr,Lavrov,spoke,on,the,phone,after,the,Russian,proposal,was,put,forward,but,US,officials,sounded,a,cautious,note,over,the,plan,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,government,would,study,the,proposal,but,had,skepticism,over,the,credibility,of,the,Assad,regime,In,an,interview,earlier,Assad,refused,to,even,acknowledge,that,he,has,chemical,weapons,Of,course,the,whole,world,knows,he,does,said,Mr,Carney,White,House,spokesman,Jay,Carney,said,the,US,would,study,Russia's,proposals,He,promised,that,the,US,would,continue,to,push,for,strikes,because,the,credible,threat,of,military,action,was,vital,in,putting,pressure,on,the,Assad,regime,US,allies,have,also,reacted,cautiously,UK,Minister,David,Cameron,said,the,destruction,of,the,weapons,would,be,a,huge,step,forward,but,warned,that,it,should,not,be,used,as,a,distraction,tactic,French,Foreign,Minister,Laurent,Fabius,called,on,Mr,Assad,to,make,rapid,serious,and,verifiable,comments,to,the,plan,German,Chancellor,Angela,Merkel,said,it,was,an,interesting,proposal,but,added,that,she,hoped,real,action,would,follow,Pay,the,price,Moscow,has,been,Mr,Assad's,main,international,ally,throughout,Syria's,two,and,a,half,year,civil,war,Russia,has,blocked,three,resolutions,against,Syria,in,the,UN,Security,Council,and,has,dismissed,US,claims,that,Mr,Assad's,forces,carried,out,a,chemical,attack,in,Damascus,on,August,killing,people,Mr,Assad's,government,blames,the,attack,on,rebels,fighting,to,overthrow,him,in,a,conflict,that,the,UN,says,has,claimed,some,lives,The,UN,sent,weapons,experts,into,Damascus,to,investigate,the,attack,UN,Secretary,General,Ban,Ki,moon,said,on,Monday,that,if,the,experts,concluded,chemicals,had,been,used,,he,would,consider,asking,the,Security,Council,to,approve,a,safe,zone,in,Syria,where,the,weapons,could,be,destroyed,Meanwhile,the,Syrian,leader,gave,an,interview,to,US,network,PBS,in,which,he,warned,the,US,against,intervention,saying,the,Middle,East,was,on,the,brink,of,explosion,You're,going,to,pay,the,price,if,you're,not,wise,with,dealing,with,terrorists,There,are,going,to,be,repercussions,he,said,The,government,is,not,the,only,player,in,this,region,You,have,different,parties,different,factions,different,ideologies,You,have,everything,in,this,decision,now,Mr,Assad,did,not,explain,whether,his,comment,was,a,threat,that,Syrian,backed,groups,such,as,Hezbollah,would,launch,retaliation,or,a,warning,that,strikes,would,bolster,al,Qaeda,linked,groups,He,also,denied,using,chemical,weapons,saying,there,was,no,evidence,to,hold,his,government,responsible,for,the,August,attack,Continue,reading,the,main,story,Start,Quote,The,proposal,to,destroy,Syria's,chemical,weapons,could,be,a,one,day,wonder,but,it,could,also,be,a,game,changer,Mark,Mardell,North,America,Heavy,lift,US,President,Barack,Obama,has,cleared,his,schedule,this,week,to,focus,all,his,attention,on,building,support,for,the,Syrian,intervention,He,has,acknowledged,he,faces,a,heavy,lift,to,win,congressional,backing,A,poll,carried,out,by,ABC,and,the,BBC,on,Friday,suggested,more,than,members,in,the,House,of,Representatives,were,either,opposed,or,likely,to,oppose,strikes,Just,representatives,said,they,would,support,or,were,likely,to,support,action,and,a,large,proportion,are,still,undecided,on,the,issue,Many,US,politicians,and,members,of,the,public,remain,concerned,that,military,action,could,draw,the,nation,into,a,prolonged,war,and,spark,broader,hostilities,in,the,region,of,the44,21,230,433,100000,1429,21,Wilhelm,Wundt,Psychology,Physiology,Physiologist,Psychologist,Researcher,Research,Experimentation,Zoology,Freudian,Freud,Psychoanalysis,Psychotherapy,MK,Ultra,Project,Leipiz,Ingoldstaldt,Berlin,Adam,Weishaupt,Ante,Nicene,once,we,are,born,we,can,hear,and,knowledge,springs,up,from,beneath,us,and,sheds,its,beams,around,our,minds,illuminati,sacred,texts,text,documents,bavaria,west,german,federal,republic,bonn,switzerland,geneva,belgrade,austria,hamburg,enigma,computer,technology,c,c++,att,bell,laboratories,princeton,university,cambridge,oxford,luddites,chartist,protests,movements,nottingham,london,england,uk,great,britain,university,california,palomar,mountain,range,california,polytechnic,state,university,”san louis obi so,california”,san,diego,riverside,orange,los,angeles,counties,county,metropolitan,greater,region,area,city,”human genome project”,”san francisco bay”,”university of california berkeley”,”the Massachusetts institue of technology”,”Boston, Massachusetts”,”Stanford University”,”Cyclotron Laboratory”,”The University of Chicago”,”Chicago, Illinois”,”The Enrico De Fermi Institue for Advanced Nuclear Studies”,”The Ryerson Chemical Engineering Laboratory The University of Chicago Department of Chemistry”,”The John Hopkins University Baltimore Maryland Laurel Maryland The Applied Physics Laboratory”,”The Department of Defense Research and Development Bethesda Maryland Howard County Montgomery County Maryland”,20876,22043,22101,22102, 703,202,571,301,843,443,22203,22207,22206,22204,22201,22200,22202,22209,22046,22048,22035,22052,22058,22060,22062,As,a,leader,in,biomedical,engineering,research,,the,Duke,BME,offers,an,outstanding,opportunity,for,Master,of,Engineering,students.,Being,at,the,forefront,of,ground,breaking,research,means,we,integrate,theory,and,practice,in,our,classrooms,and,discussions,Collaborations,exist,with,many,Duke,Medical,Center,departments,such,as,the,Duke,Comprehensive,Cancer,Center,and,the,(CIVM),As,a,student,in,the,MEng,program,,you,will,receive,personalized,guidance,from,a,faculty,mentor,and,advisor.,In,addition,our,relationships,with,internationally,respected,biotech,firms,in,nearby,Research,Triangle,Park,,such,as,Siemens,Medical,Systems,Boehringer,Mannheim,,Genentech,,Genetronics,,Glaxo,Wellcome,,Guidant,,and,Medtronic,may,provide,unique,opportunities,for,internships,Center,for,In,Vivo,Microscopy,The,Human,Betterment,League,was,created,in,on,the,initiative,of,hosiery,king,James,G,Hanes,He,was,joined,by,members,of,the,Winston,Salem,elite,,such,as,Clarence,Gamble,of,Procter,&,Gamble,Alice,Shelton,Gray,,Dr,C,Nash,Herndon,a,leader,in,the,medical,genetics,department,at,the,Bowman,Gray,School,of,Medicine,and,a,professor,of,psychology,at,the,University,of,North,Carolina,at,The,Human,Betterment,League,has,been,criticized,historically,for,its,role,in,the,sterilization,of,men,women,and,children,White,,Black,and,Indian,who,were,deemed,inferior,by,society's,elite,Winston,Salem,North,Carolina,The,original,focus,of,the,organization,was,the,promotion,of,eugenic,sterilization,and,the,education,of,the,public,about,the,causes,and,prevention,of,mental,illnesses,and,handicaps.,By,the,early,the,Human,Betterment,League,had,shifted,its,focus,to,promoting,education,on,birth,control,and,genetic,counseling,In,it,changed,its,name,to,the,Human,Genetics,League,,and,it,disbanded,in,1988,Hill,1984,1970s,1947,Chapel,Dr,A,M,Jordan,Palestine,Arabic:,فلسطين‎,Filasṭīn,,Falasṭīn,Filisṭīn;,Greek:,Παλαιστίνη,,Palaistinē;,Latin:,Palaestina;,Hebrew:,פלשתינה,Palestina),is,a,geographic,region,in,Western,Asia,between,the,Mediterranean,Sea,and,the,Jordan,River.,It,is,sometimes,considered,to,include,adjoining,territories.,The,name,was,used,by,Ancient,Greek,writers,,and,was,later,used,for,the,Roman,province,Syria,Palaestina,,the,Byzantine,Palaestina,Prima,and,the,Umayyad,and,Abbasid,province,of,Jund,Filastin.,The,region,is,also,known,as,the,Land,of,Israel,Hebrew,ארץ־,ישראל,Eretz,Yisra'el,the,Holy,Land,the,Southern,Levant,Cisjordan,and,historically,has,been,known,by,other,names,including,Canaan,Southern,Syria,and,Jerusalem,Situated,at,a,strategic,location,between,Egypt,Syria,and,Arabia,,and,the,birthplace,of,Judaism,and,Christianity,the,region,has,a,long,and,tumultuous,history,as,a,crossroads,for,religion,culture,commerce,and,politics,The,region,has,been,controlled,by,numerous,different,peoples,including,Ancient,Egyptians,Canaanites,Israelites,,Assyrians,Babylonians,Persians,Ancient,Greeks,Romans,Byzantines,the,Sunni,Arab,Caliphates,the,Shia,Fatimid,Caliphate,Crusaders,Ayyubids,Mameluks,Ottomans,the,British,and,modern,Israelis,and,Palestinians,Boundaries,of,the,region,have,changed,throughout,history,and,were,last,defined,in,modern,times,by,the,Franco,British,boundary,agreement,1920,and,the,Transjordan,memorandum,of,16,September,1922,during,the,mandate,period,Today,the,region,comprises,the,State,of,Israel,and,the,State,of,Palestine,In,the,mouse,,each,class,of,olfactory,receptor,neurons,expressing,a,given,odorant,receptor,has,convergent,axonal,projections,to,two,specific,glomeruli,in,the,olfactory,bulb,thereby,creating,an,odor,map,However,it,is,unclear,how,this,map,is,represented,in,the,olfactory,cortex,Here,we,combine,rabies,virus,dependent,retrograde,mono,trans,synaptic,labeling,with,genetics,to,control,the,location,number,and,type,of,starter,cortical,neurons,from,which,we,trace,their,presynaptic,neurons,We,find,that,individual,cortical,neurons,receive,input,from,multiple,mitral,cells,representing,broadly,distributed,glomeruli,Different,cortical,areas,represent,the,olfactory,bulb,input,differently,For,example,the,cortical,amygdala,preferentially,receives,dorsal,olfactory,bulb,input,whereas,the,piriform,cortex,samples,the,whole,olfactory,bulb,without,obvious,bias,These,differences,probably,reflect,different,functions,of,these,cortical,areas,in,mediating,innate,odor,preference,or,associative,memory,The,trans,synaptic,labeling,method,described,here,should,be,widely,applicable,to,mapping,connections,throughout,the,mouse,nervous,system,Humans,differ,from,other,animals,in,many,aspects,of,anatomy,physiology,and,behavior,however,the,genotypic,basis,of,most,human,specific,traits,remains,unknown,Recent,whole,genome,comparisons,have,made,it,possible,to,identify,genes,with,elevated,rates,of,amino,acid,change,or,divergent,expression,in,humans,and,non,coding,sequences,with,accelerated,base,pair,changes.,Regulatory,alterations,may,be,particularly,likely,to,produce,phenotypic,effects,while,preserving,viability,and,are,known,to,underlie,interesting,evolutionary,gene,a,molecular,change,correlated,with,anatomical,loss,of,androgen,dependent,sensory,vibrissae,and,penile,spines,in,the,human,lineage,Another,deletion,a,loss,correlated,with,expansion,of,specific,brain,regions,in,humans.,Deletions,of,tissue,from,the,human,androgen,receptor,specific,enhancers,may,thus,accompany,both,loss,and,gain,traits,in,the,human,lineage,and,provide,specific,examples,of,the,kinds,of,regulatory,alterations,and,inactivation,events,long,proposed,to,have,an,important,role,in,human,evolutionary,divergence,between,chimpanzees,and,other,mammals,We,confirm,or,gene,growth,arrest,and,DNA,damage,inducible,gamma,of,sequences,otherwise,highly,conserved,function,One,deletion,removes,a,sensory,vibrissae,and,penile,spine,enhancer,removes,a,forebrain,subventricular,zone,enhancer,near,tumour,suppress,produce,significant,regulatory,changes,in,humans,complete,deletion,are,enriched,near,genes,involved,in,steroid,hormone,signalling,and,neural,regions,and,differences,in,other,species.,Here,we,identify,molecular,events,particularly,likely,to,such,deletions,in,humans,which,fall,almost,exclusively,in,non,coding,"510“,“(AR)",(GADD45G),a,NSA's,Data,Packet,Logfile,NSA,National,Security,Administration,United,States,gov,government,us,usa,u.s.,maryland,laurel,fort,meade,ft.army,headquarters,hq,h.q.,columbia,md,baltimore,washington,dc,d.c.,jessup,whiskey,bottom,road,rd,nsa,breaking,privacy,usa,france,washington,state,california,breaking,the,law,spying,on,american,citizens,cia,facebook,program